PARADISE APPLE STOCKS. 
393 
reason, these characters are principally emphasized in the summary. 
An early spring examination should also be made of the stock- 
bed, for this may reveal the presence of one or more of the types 
which are precocious in coming into leaf. The rooting characters 
of each type are also referred to in the summary, as they afford the 
only clue that can be given at present as to the ultimate value of 
each type. 
Type I. — True Broad -leaved English Paradise, 
This type is well known to have been a chance seedling selected as a stock 
for its vigorous appearance, exhibited by healthy growth and readiness to root 
adventitiously. Although it is the stock in greatest demand to-day, it is im- 
portant to remember that we actually received it true from surprisingly few 
sources, though numerous other types are masquerading under the name. 
The " Broad-leaf " stools appear remarkably strong and vigorous in growth, 
and though individual stools do not send up very many growths annually, these 
growths are mostly of uniform sturdiness and " clean " in character, though the 
strongest shoots show a slight tendency to branching. The leaves are a dark 
healthy green and are in general larger than those of other types, with the excep- 
tion of Types VI. and VII., from which they are easily distinguishable by shape 
and pose. The leaf, which has a crinkled surface, is curved so that the apex 
points downwards ; it stands well away, almost horizontally, from the stem. 
The very large stipules and deeply furrowed leaf -stalk are also noticeable. 
Though the purple-brown wood is covered with numerous lenticels, these are not 
conspicuous as in Type II., a fact which is very well illustrated by a comparison 
of figs. 78 and 79. In winter, these characters of the wood are extremely 
useful for identification. 
The True Broad -leaf is very ready to root adventitiously, and at a more 
mature stage its roots seem to show a very well-balanced system of fibre and 
coarse lateral roots at medium depth in the soil. There are many signs that 
the early vigour is maintained. 
Type II. — The Doucin. 
Type II. is certainly the modern Doucin of the best French nurseries, but 
the fact that it has very generally acquired the name ' English Paradise,' to which 
are often attached the words " old " or " broad-leaf," has greatly obscured its 
identity. It may be said with certainty that it is by far the most commonly 
used stock in England to-day, and also that it stands almost alone amongst 
Paradise types in its peculiar root system. 
It is strong and vigorous in growth with a medium number of annual shoots, 
but the exceptional stiffness or rigidity of these shoots is almost sufficient to 
establish its identity. The strongest shoots are very spined, and this often 
gives the shoot a somewhat pyramidal appearance of growth. The leaves are 
of medium size and dark green, but have a much flatter appearance of surface 
than the True Broad-leaf, though these leaves are somewhat inclined to droop, 
especially in the latter part of the season, when the stalk is nearly at right angles 
to the stem. This gives the leaves the appearance of being closer together than 
on Type I. The stipules here are very small and the leaf -stalk almost flat. 
The wood generally has a browner tint than Type I., and it is most easily dis- 
tinguished by the conspicuous lenticels. Protruding buds are not infrequent 
towards the base of the shoot. 
This type has been noticeably early in commencing to drop its leaves. In 
1 91 4 all leaves had fallen by November 22, and generally it is bare at least a 
fortnight earlier than any of the other types. Its early rooting habit is very 
shy, whilst its mature roots are characterized — in comparison with other types — 
by an absence of fibre. The coarse lateral roots are very strong. The Doucin 
shows signs of "suckering " badly. 
The observations made upon the Doucin at East Mailing force us at least 
to question the very wide and indiscriminate use to which the stock has attained 
in this country as a Paradise type. It remains to be proved whether its popu- 
larity is due to its real pre-eminence, or to the fact that it is easily obtained 
from France, or to the name ' English Paradise,' under which it is most frequently 
sold. There seems no doubt that on more than one type of soil, the Doucin 
exhibits the peculiar characteristics which we have noted at East Mailing, but 
