396 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 
leaves which are only very slightly convex. The wood is of a reddish purple 
with conspicuous lenticels. The small blackish-brown bud is a great aid to 
identification in winter. 
Type VII. shows no remarkable freedom in rooting on one- year layers, which 
are best rooted towards the base and on a heel of two-year wood. In its later 
development it shows numerous medium coarse lateral roots without any large 
quantity of root-fibre. In this respect it somewhat approaches the Doucin, 
except that the roots are not so coarse. 
Type VIII.— French Paradise. 
This is undoubtedly the French Paradise of to-day. It is very largely used 
on the Continent, but does not seem to find much favour amongst our nursery- 
men, yet it is not infrequently mixed with imported stocks. It has an established 
reputation for its dwarfing habit, but the one-year layers are not strikingly 
stunted, although the more mature cordons are certainly relatively small. 
The annual shoots are of a medium strength and somewhat whippy. It is 
quite the earliest Paradise type to start into growth, and during the early part 
of the season it is most conspicuous with its bright reddish wood and light-green 
foliage. Later in the season the wood becomes a dark purple, but, except for 
the young tips, it appears almost hairless and shiny. The lenticels on the wood 
are numerous. The leaves tend to be small and narrow, and they are gradually 
pointed with a fine regular serration. The upper surface of the leaves appears 
almost hairless. The leaf -stalk is very short and slightly furrowed and the 
stipules are small. The younger leaves are almost vertical but slightly recurved 
at the tip ; they often tend to be concave ; the older leaves towards the base 
become crinkled and drooping. 
In winter the rather narrow reddish buds, which are almost hairless and 
rather large for the stoutness of wood, afford a useful aid to identification together 
with the wood characters. There are some " fruit-buds " towards the base of 
the one- year layers. 
At East Mailing the French Paradise has been shy in its early-rooting habit, 
whilst the more mature roots, though they show a mixture of fibre and coarse 
lateral root, appear much less vigorous than Broad-leaf or Nonsuch. 
The suitability of the French Paradise for our soil has long been a disputed 
fact. Trials on different soils with different varieties of apple can alone ulti- 
mately decide this. That it is subject to both Apple Mildew and Black Spot 
in the nursery row is certain. 
Type IX. — Jaune de Metz. 
The Jaune de Metz Paradise does not seem to be in common use in our 
English nurseries, but since it is frequently used both in France and Germany 
it seemed advisable to include it in these descriptions, 
The annual shoots are of medium growth. At this stage it appears more 
dwarfing than the French Paradise. The leaves are large for the size of the 
growths and of a dark healthy green ; they are generally ovate in shape and 
somewhat abruptly pointed. The leaves are almost vertical, but are bent over 
at the apex. It is most characteristically found with short spines and some- 
times spurs and " fruit-buds " towards the base of the annual shoot, where the 
leaves appear crowded. The wood is noticeably patchy in colour, varying from 
red-brown to green -brown. The lenticels are few. The annual layers would 
give one the impression of pronounced precocity, though an examination of 
three-year-old cordons seemed to suggest that it is more vigorous than the true 
French. The rooting of the one-year layers, however, is not markedly superior. 
This type appears much healthier than the French, and it seems quite possible 
that it might afford a useful dwarfing type, if suitable to this country. Further 
observation is required to establish this point. As its period of growth differs 
somewhat from that of the French Paradise, it is popular in French nurseries 
for succession purposes, 
XVII. Further Types from Germany. 
In addition to the nine types already summarized six other types 
have appeared in the collections received from Germany in 1914. 
Since we have not yet found these types occurring in this country 
