398 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
it bears a near relationship at all to most of the other types.* A 
careful comparison of the root systems alone is enough to suggest this, 
whilst in literature the Doucin is repeatedly mentioned as differing 
very considerably from the Paradise. 
It remains to be proved whether the Doucin (Type II.) and Paradise 
(French, Type VIII.) of to-day are the same as those of the seventeenth 
century. Du Monceau's description, especially of the latter's very 
dwarfing tendencies, makes one incline to doubt it. There is little 
doubt that the very dwarfing type of Paradise frequently referred to 
is at least temporarily lost to us to-day. 
This Report, then, deals with the various forms of so-called 
' Paradise ' in common use, and lays no claim to make a systematic 
botanical classification. 
The names attached to various types of Paradise in the Report are 
those which the consensus of opinion amongst leading English and 
French nurserymen has given to the types in question. In some cases 
it has been possible to verify these names from the sources of origin ; 
in others, the various fragmentary descriptions and references in 
literature have gone to strengthen the evidence. 
XIX. Probable Sources of Confusion. 
After having demonstrated that there is considerable confusion 
with regard to the various Paradise types, it seems only fair to say 
that frequent opportunities occur in the ordinary routine of work 
likely to cause unintentional mixing together of types. The most 
prolific source of confusion is probably the root-cutting. The Paradise 
types seem easily propagated from root-cuttings. When trees are 
lifted, portions of the root frequently remain in the ground, and I 
have seen shoots from these appearing and forming a fresh stock. 
It will be realized how easily this may cause mistakes. Moreover, 
unless very great care is taken, any form of cutting — and especially 
the root-cutting — may be dropped unnoticed and subsequently find 
its place amongst another variety. Until due emphasis was laid 
upon the importance of the differences amongst Paradise types it 
was hardly to be expected that this matter would receive special 
attention. 
The recent paper of Professor Bateson on " Root-cuttings, 
Chimaeras, and Sports/ " t has proved too that we must be on our 
guard in this matter of root-cuttings. It is possible that some of our 
Paradise types to-day arose as " sports " from the root. The im- 
portation of stocks from abroad may, too, lead to the appearance of 
new varieties of Paradise, and to inadvertent mixing. Until we can 
be clear as to our nomenclature these mistakes are unavoidable. 
* Some authorities definitely classify it as a different species. 
Pyrus mains L. " To this species are related the numerous varieties of 
Apple which have been produced by husbandry ; it is known to horticulturists 
underTthe name of Doucin." — Grenier et Godron, Flore de France. 
f Journal of Genetics, VI. pp. 75-80 (Dec. 1916). 
