476 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
this result, there is a much higher percentage of nanella from capsules developed 
early in the season, i.e. when the mother is most vigorous. Thus capsules 
ripening July 12-23 yielded 73-88 per cent, nanella, July 24-August 4 61- 
67 per cent. n. ; August 5-16, 48-57 per cent. n. 
Transplanting also had a marked influence ; if reset on April 25, yielding 
50 per cent, n., while plants set out on May 15 produced only 29 per cent. 
nanella. The L. mothers were annuals. Keeping the plants well watered also 
resulted in an increase in the percentage of nanella plants among the F x progeny. 
G. H. 
Androsaee coceinea [Bot. Mag. t. 8653). — South-Western China. Nat. Ord. 
Primulaceae, tribe Primuleae. Herb, biennial. Leaves numerous, rosulate, i-i£ 
inch long, spathulate. Scapes 1-6, 2-4I inches long, 5-20-flowered. Corolla 
salver-shaped, -i- inch across, vermilion. — G. H. 
Anemone obtusiloba f. patula {Bot. Mag. t. 8636). — Himalaya, Burma, and 
China. Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae, tribe Anemoneae. Perennial herb. Leaves 
rosulate, 2 inches long, 3 -partite, with 3-fid segments. Flowering branches 
decumbent, 8 inches long. Flowers purplish-blue, inch across. — G. H. 
Aphis Injurious in Apple Orchards. By P. J. Parrott and others [U.S.A. Exp. 
Stn., Geneva, New York, Bull. 415, 53 pp. ; 8 plates). — A test of various insecticides 
and times of application. Nicotine and soap and nicotine and lime-sulphur 
proved successful when the insect was reached by the fluid. Crude carbolic 
acid emulsion caused only slight damage to leaves. Sodium sulphide and soap 
in combination caused serious damage to buds. The value of the nicotine 
washes was enhanced by lime. The perfect spray with lasting toxic qualities 
is yet unfound. — E. A. Bd. 
Aphis, Pear Woolly. By A. C. Baker and W. M. Davidson {Jour. Agr. Res. 
vol. vi. No. 10, June 1916, pp. 351-360). — A new species of pear aphis (Eriosoma 
pyricola) is herein described. It occurs in the orchard districts of northern 
and central California, and attacks the roots of pear trees, especially the French 
wild stock so largely used in California. 
The insect attacks especially the small fibrous roots, and is usually found 
within 3 feet of soil. The rootlets nearest the trunk are generally heavily 
infested. The woolly pear aphis destroys entirely great numbers of young 
rootlets and frequently causes the death of the trees. 
A short account of the characteristics of the insect is given, and a comparative 
table of differences between Eriosoma pyricola, E. lanigerum, and E. americanum 
is shown. — A . B. 
Apple and Pear Tree Manure [Qu. Agr. Jour. Nov. 191 5, p. 257). — 
i \ lb. bone-meal, i£ lb. superphosphate, 1 lb. sulphate of potash, 1 lb. nitrolim 
to a tree.— C. H. H. 
Apple Aphis, Morphology and Biology of the. By A. C. Baker and W. F. 
Turner [Jour. Agr. Res. vol. v. No. 21, Feb. 1916, pp. 955-994; plates lxvii- 
lxxv, 4 figs.). — An exhaustive investigation into the life-history and biology 
of the Apple Aphis [Aphis pomi (De Geer)) is herein described. According 
to the authors the life -history may be outlined as follows : — 
The egg is laid upon the younger twigs of the apple and is at first of a light- 
yellow colour, which, however, soon changes to a shining black. Development 
is very rapid for a few days, after which the egg rests for the winter. Further 
development of the embryo occurs in the spring, and an increase in temperature 
will cause the egg to hatch. Hatching takes place by splitting of the shell over 
the head region of the insect. The first form is wingless and matures in about 
ten days. She then produces summer forms, winged and wingless, the first pre- 
dominating. There may be from nine to seventeen generations of the summer 
forms produced. After the second generation the wingless forms always out- 
number the others, but winged forms are produced in every generation. The 
wingless sexes appear about September, and occur in the eleventh to the nine- 
teenth generations inclusive. Both sexes feed. The fertile eggs develop to the 
resting stage and remain over winter, and then continue their development in the 
following spring. — A. B. 
Apple Cankers and their Control. By L. R. Hesler [U.S.A. Agr. Exp. Stn., 
Cornell, Cir. No. 28, May 1915, pp. 17-28 ; 16 figs.). — Cankers in apple trees 
are a constant source of danger, because they persist from year to year and 
are likely to cause the death of the tree. 
