478 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
some foliage, and then death of a portion of the top of the tree affected. The 
roots are by that time nearly all dead, spongy, brittle, and filled with white 
fungus mycelium ; they break off readily near the stump. The deep-lying roots 
are generally the first to be affected. The fungus involved proved to be 
Trichoderma Koeningi Oudemans. Since this fungus grows well on all sorts 
of culture media except those containing lime and alkaline in reaction, it seems 
probable that liming the soil will have a deterrent effect upon its threatened 
spread. — F, J. C. 
Apple Root-rot. By C. H. Crabill {Phytopathology, vi. pp. 159-161 ; figs.). — 
A root-rot traceable to the attack of Trichoderma Koeningi is described, in which 
the roots are invested in a white mycelial growth as in the " white root-rot " 
of apples and other trees in this country. No methods of control are proposed. 
F. J. C. 
Apple Rust. By N. J. Giddings and A. Berg (Phytopathology, vi. p. 79, 
Feb. 1 91 6). — The apple rust, due to Gymnosporangium Juniperi virginianae, 
occurs also on Juniper virginiana. Destruction of this tree for half a mile 
around the apple plantation does not suffice to prevent infection, and the mode 
of dissemination of spores from the Juniper is not entirely understood. — F. J. C, 
Apple Sucker, Observations on the Egg. By A. H. Lees (Ann. Econ. Biol. 
iv. p. 251, Apr. 1 91 6 ; figs.). — The structure of the egg and its membranes is 
described, and the strikingly close relationship between the date of egg hatching 
and apple bud bursting commented upon. — F. J. C. 
Apple Sucker, Spraying for. By F. R. Petherbridge (Ann. Econ. Biol. ii. 
p. 230, Apr. 1916).— As a result of experiments carried out in Cambridgeshire, 
the author concludes that lime and salt spray may be effective in preventing a 
large proportion of apple sucker (Psylla malt) eggs from hatching. Lime wash 
alone is also fairly effective. Soft soap (10 lb.) and nicotine (98 per cent.) (8 oz.), 
water 100 gallons, or treacle (6 1b.) and nicotine (98 per cent.) (8oz.j, water 
100 gallons, were most effective when the sucker was in an active condition. 
Creosote oil and soft soap, while it killed the Psylla, also caused leaf-scorch 
(the trees sprayed were of the variety ' Keswick Codlin '). The lime-salt spray 
(applied at the beginning of March) is not by itself sufficient to keep the sucker in 
check. — F. J. C. 
Apple Syrup (Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict. Nov. 1915, p. 674). — The Fruit and 
Vegetable Utilization Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture of the 
United States of America has been studying the utilizing of cull apples after 
passing through the cider mill. A gallon of syrup is made from seven gallons of 
the expressed cider juice; it is a clear ruby or amber-coloured syrup of about 
the consistency of cane and maple syrup ; properly sterilized and put up in 
sealed tins or bottles, it will keep indefinitely, and when opened will keep under 
household conditions as well as other syrups. It can be used for griddle cakes, 
cereals, household cookery, and as flavouring in desserts. During the process 
of manufacture, calcium malate is produced as a by-product, and is sold for 
medicinal purposes at 8d. per lb. — C. H. H. 
Apples, Black Rot of. By G. T. Spinks (Ann. Rep. Agr. Hort. Res. Stn., Long 
Ashton, 1915, p. 94). — Certain cider apples became entirely black and were 
at first smooth and firm, but later shrivelled to some extent, remaining quite 
dry. The fungus Monilia fructigena was found to be present in them, and cross 
inoculations have proved that while brown rot is caused in most culinary and 
dessert apples by this fungus, black rot is also produced in other varieties, 
especially bitter-sweet ones. ' Gascoyne's Scarlet,' however, among culinary 
apples, shows some tendency to blackening. — F. J. C. 
Apples, Dusting and Spraying Experiments with. By D. Reddick and 
C. R. Crosby (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Cornell, Bull, 369, Jan. 1916). — Mixtures of 
very finely powdered sulphur (85 lb.) and finely powdered lead arsenate (15 lb.), 
applied by suitable machinery (which is described) to apple trees (standards) 
at the rate of 1 \ to 2 \ lb. a tree, gave excellent results in suppressing insects and 
scab. Calm weather is best, and thorough dusting can only be done when the 
tree is treated from all sides, and the dust-treatment is carried out at the same 
seasons as ordinary spraying for these pests. — F. /. C. 
