492 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
(with the exception of horse-radish), flowers, and bushes were killed. As regards 
the fauna, eelworms, earthworms, and Limnaria truncatulata (the snail host of 
the liver fluke) were looked for, but not found. Larvae of various species of 
Chironomus were abundant. — /. E. W. E. H. 
Flora of British Columbia. By J. Davidson (Rep. Bot. Off., Brit. Col. i. 3 ; 
1916). — Accounts are given of two or three journeys in little-known parts of 
British Columbia and lists of the plants met with, with photographs of some 
of them, and notes upon the botanical aspect of the country traversed. The 
region inhabited by Lewisia rediviva particularly comes in for mention, and an 
account of the collection of its roots by Indians and two or three capital photo- 
graphs of the plants as they grow add value to the paper. — F. J. C. 
Fruit Fly, Mediterranean, Effect of Cold Storage on. By E. A. Back and 
C. E. Pemberton (Jour. Agr. Res. v. pp. 657-666; Jan. 1916). — The authors 
found that no eggs or larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) 
survived refrigeration at 40 0 to 45 0 F. for seven weeks, at 33 0 to 40 0 F. for three 
weeks, or at 32 0 to 33 0 for two weeks. Where there is danger of introducing 
this pest it seems probable that refrigeration of fruit liable to be attacked would 
destroy any of the insects contained in the fruit. — F. J. C. 
Fruit Growing, Temperature in Relation to. By L. D. Batchelor and F. 
L. West (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 141, 26 pp. ; 20 figs.). — A study of air drainage 
and temperature in a valley fruit orchard in Utah. — E. A. Bd. 
Fruit Thinning. By V. E. (Rev. Hort. April 16, 1916). — On the proper 
thinning out of fruit.— C. T. D. 
Fruits, Hardy, Flowering Season of. By U. P. Hedrick [U.S.A. Exp. Sin,, 
Geneva, New York, Bull. 407, 24 pp.). — Tables of the flowering seasons of various 
hardy fruits at Geneva Station. They are grouped into very early, early, mid- 
season, late, very late. The author points out that excessive warmth hastens 
development of the stamens before that of the pistils, and thus may lead 
to infertility. The harmful influence of rain in bursting pollen cells at flowering 
time is emphasized. — E. A. Bd. 
Fruits, Hardy, Length of Season and Ripening Dates. By U. P. Hedrick (U.S. A . 
Exp. Sin. , Geneva, New York, Bull. 408, 26 pp.). — Actual dates of ripening and 
number of weeks in storage are given for Apples and Pears. Other fruits early 
mid-season, &c. — E. A. Bd. 
Fungi and Bacteria, Effect of Natural Low Temperatures on. By 
H. E. Bartram (Jour. Agr. Res. v. No. 14, Jan. 1916, pp. 651-655). — The effect 
of intense cold of northern winters on the life and viability of fungi and bacteria 
does not seem to have been tested extensively, yet its importance in checking 
the spread of plant diseases would appear to be very great. 
In the present paper, certain known fungi and bacteria were exposed in pure 
cultures to the low temperatures of the winter months. They were grown 
upon nutrient agar at ordinary laboratory temperatures, and then exposed to 
the outside air throughout the winter. The minimum temperature of -24°C. 
was reached during an exposure from December to April. The cultures were 
then brought inside and transferred to fresh nutrient agar, and allowed to develop 
at ordinary temperatures. All but one (Actinomyces chromogenus) germinated 
freely. Further trials were made the following winter, but dry cultures were 
used. These were prepared by removing the growth of the fungus from the 
culture agar, and placing in a plugged sterile tube without agar. 
It was found that five fungi, Sclerotinia cinerea, Cephalothecium roseum, 
Glomerella rufomaculans, Venturia inaequalis, and Ascochyta color ata, lived over 
the winter months under all conditions of exposure; while four fungi, Alternaria 
Solani, Cylindrosporium Pomi, Plowrightia morbosa, and Phytophthora omnivora, 
lived on some media but not on others. One fungus, Fusarium sp. of conifers, 
died. 
Of the bacteria, only two out of six kinds survived : Bacillus Melonis and 
Actinomycetes chromogenus. The various organisms withstood exposure better 
in the dry condition than when moisture and food were present. — A. B. 
Fungi, Timber-destroying. By J. B. Cleland and E. Cheel (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. 
vol. xxviL pp. 201-202 ; 2 col. plates). — The well-known phosphorescent toad- 
