NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
493 
stool (Pleurotus nidiformis) and the Sticky Timber Pholiote (Pholiota adiposa) 
are destructive to timber. The latter is a handsome brown-gilled agaric, and is 
found attached to the sides of tree trunks up to a height of 20 feet. It should 
be exterminated by cutting down and burning the trees. — 5. E. W. 
Fimkia lancifolia var. tardiflora (Bot. Mag. t. 8645). — Japan ? Nat. Ord. 
Liliaceae, tribe Hemerocalleae. Herb. Leaves radical, broadly lanceolate, 5 
inches long. Sheath white, blotched with purple. Raceme 50-fLowered, flowers 
densely clustered. Bracteoles and perianth pale lilac. Flowers 1 inch across. 
G. H. 
Galls, Gymnosporangium, Anatomical Study of. By Alban Stewart (Amer. 
Jour. Bot. vol. ii. No. 8, Oct. 191 5, pp. 402-417 ; plates xv-xvi, 1 fig.). — The 
common " cedar apple " on Juniperus virginiana, caused by Gymnosporangium 
Juniperi-virginianae Schw.,isone of the commoner galls upon coniferous plants. 
While the organism which causes the gall has been closely studied, but little 
work has been done upon the changes in the tissues of the host plant induced by 
the activities of the parasite. In preparation of the material for study, the 
galls were embedded in celloidin, as there was too much lignified tissue present 
to obtain good sections when embedded in paraffin. The sections were mounted 
in series and stained with safranin, with Delafield's hematoxylin or " licht 
Griin " used as counter stains. 
The' following conclusions were arrived at : 
1. G. Juniperi-virginianae and G. globosum cause the formation of large 
galls on the younger branches of Juniperus virginiana. 
2. The galls arise from the axils of the leaves, and are evidently transformed 
axillary buds. 
3. Young galls have two distinct vascular systems, one of which is a leaf- 
trace bundle, and the other a stem bundle. 
4. The more or less modified stem which enters the base of the older galls 
gradually breaks up and radiates outward, deeper in the gall tissue. 
5. Leaf tissue is also involved in gall formation, and remains are often found 
adhering to older galls. 
6. Normal stems sometimes appear to have grown out from surface of 
older galls. 
7. Broad ray-like masses of parenchyma, surrounded by tracheids, are fre- 
quent, and cells which are of a transitional nature between parenchyma and 
tracheids are abundant. 
8. The bundles are largely composed of scalariform tracheids. — A. B. 
Ginseng, Phytophthora Disease of. By Joseph Rosenbaum (U.S.A. Exp. 
Stn., Cornell, Bull. 363, Oct. 1915, pp. 61-106 ; 18 figs.). — The American ginseng 
(Panax quinquefolium L.) is a member of the family Araliaceae and has been 
under cultivation for about twenty years in America, though it has been 
grown in Korea for over two centuries. It requires shade, good drainage, and 
an acid soil, otherwise it is susceptible to mildew or soft rot, which attacks the 
leaves, stems, and roots of the plant. 
The characteristic symptoms are a wilting of the leaflets at the top of tha 
petioles ; the leaves then become spotted and discoloured, the stems become, 
hollowed, and the roots, if attacked, rot and decay. The causal organism is 
Phytophthora Cactorum (Cohn et Leb.) Schrot. The author's experiments show that 
the fungus produces conidia and oospores, as well as zoospores (swarm-spores), and 
that germination can be induced under favourable conditions. 
The measures of control suggested fall under the following heads : — 1. Spray- 
ing with fungicides ; 2. Removal of diseased plants ; 3. Deep planting ; 4. 
Crop rotation ; 5. Sterilization of the soil ; 6. Drainage. A short bibliography 
is appended. — A. B. 
Ginseng Troubles. By E. A. Bessey and J. A. McClintock (U.S.A. Exp. 
Stn., Mich., Special Bull. 72, Feb. 1915, pp. 1-15 ; 5 figs.). Ginseng Diseases 
and their Control. By H. H. Whetzel, J. Rosenbaum, J. W. Braun, and 
J. A. McClintock (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. PL Ind., Farm. Bull. 736, July 
1 91 6, pp. 1-22 ; 26 figs.). — These papers give brief details of the following 
diseases of the ginseng: Alternaria blight and root-rot, caused by A Iternaria 
Panax Whetzel ; Phytophthora blight and root-rot, caused by Phytophthora Cac- 
torum (Cohn et Leb.) Schroter ; Acrostalagmus wilt, caused by A crostalagmus sp. ; 
Thielavia root-rot, caused by Thielavia basicola (B. and Br.) Zopf. ; Sclerotinia 
white rot, caused by Sclerotinia Libertiana Fckl. ; Sclerotinia black rot, caused 
