524 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
stands high as a manufacturing State. Manufacturing, therefore, is pre-emi- 
nently Ohio's leading industry. The present report deals with a single class of 
factories, those manufacturing commodities from wood. They form one of the 
most important divisions of Ohio's enterprises, and nearly every State in the 
Union, as well as many foreign countries, send some portion of their forest material 
to Ohio for utilization in manufacture. 
For many years there was no demand for timber products. The first market, 
it has been stated, was found at New Orleans, and a few rafts were floated down. 
With the influx of new settlers came the towns. This necessitated the sawmills, 
and from 1820 until the present time Ohio has held an important place among 
the States in the production of rough lumber. There were more than 1,900 
sawmills operating in Ohio in i860. This number was steadily maintained for 
several decades, when the failing timber supply began to be felt and the larger 
mills were compelled to move to other regions. In 1910, 1,532 mills were still 
operating in Ohio. These were mostly portable mills of small capacity. Their 
combined cut in 1910 was 542,000,000 feet as against 990,000,000 feet sawn in 
1900, a decrease of more than 45 per cent. 
Artificial limb manufacturers used only one wood, willow, and the entire 
supply was cut outside the State. Umbrella racks, made mostly of metal, have 
wooden frames ; ash and white oak supplied the material. Hard maple answered 
for looms of silk and textile mills, the sapwood of red gum for curtain poles, and 
black walnut for gun-stocks. The making of coffee-mills required yellow poplar 
and red gum, and money-drawers yellow poplar and white oak, the former for the 
inside compartments, and the latter for the exterior. In the breweries, to clarify 
and filter beer, chips cut from beech are frequently employed and are called 
brewers' shavings. The manufacture of these in Ohio is not a large industry, but is 
worthy of mention. On the other hand, the making of cigar-moulds, cigar-makers' 
boards and presses, is quite an extensive line of manufacturing in the quantity of 
wood reported. The moulds are of yellow poplar, bass wood, maple and beech, 
while for presses and cigar-boards high-grade hard maple alone supplied the 
demand. A large amount of wood in Ohio is converted annually into shoe lasts, 
trees, and forms. — A. D. W. 
Woolly Aphis and Immune Varieties of Apple. In " Insect Pests of Fruit," by 
C. French {Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict. Apr. 1916, pp. 214). — Certain varieties of apples 
are immune to the attack of woolly aphis, viz., ' Winter Majetin,' ' Northern 
Spy,' ' Perfection,' ' Paradise,' and a few others. The supposed reason of this is 
that they contain more carbonate of lime than those attacked by the aphis. 
Growers are therefore advised to have their trees worked on blight-proof stocks 
to avoid aphis at the root. — C. H. H. 
Woolly Aphis, Cold-water Cure for {Qu. Agr. Jour. Dec. 1915, p. 331). — 
A grower (Coleman Phillips) hoses with cold water his 1,000 apple trees. Water 
with a good pressure, he finds, has a marvellous effect in washing woolly aphis 
and other insects from the trees ; he hoses whenever the pest shows itself at all 
badly, even once a week, usually four times during the summer. After the 
hosing, the soil under the tree is churned up a little to bury any aphides that 
have been washed off. — C. H. H. 
Woolly Aphis, Identity of Eriosoma pyri. By A. C. Baker {Jour. Agr. Res. v. pp. 
1115-1119 ; March 191 6 ; figs.). — Fitch described a woolly aphis from the roots 
of apple and pear as Eriosoma pyri, but since his time it has been grouped 
with E. lanigerum. The author considers it distinct and as belonging to another 
genus, Prociphilus. He also gives descriptions of other species of the same 
genus. — F. J.C. 
Woolly Aphis, Insecticide for. By M. Lievre {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr. 
July-Dec. 1914, p. 516). — A new insecticide invented by M. Duval, of Boulogne, 
is said to have remarkable effects against woolly aphis. It can be used on leaf, 
twig, or old wood with the same good results. 
Formula I. 
Rain-water 1 litre 
Carbonate of Potash 4 grammes 
Sulphoricinate of soda . . . . 40 „ 
Spirits of wine . . . . . . 20 ,, 
Strong tobacco juice (100 grs. nicotine per litre) 10 „ 
During the weeks just before the leaves fall, when all fear of injuring them is 
over, if the trees are still infected the following mixture may be used : — 
