414 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
[Mat S3, 1897. 
As the yachting journal of America, the FoBksT and STreIm is the 
recognized ttiedium of communication between the maker of yachts- 
men's supplies and the yachting public. Its value for advertising 
k'As be6n demonstrated by patron's wlio have employed its coMmns 
continuously for years. 
■ f 
FIXTURES. 
MAV. 
29-30- 31. Buffalo, opening cruise, Port Coiborn, 
31. Minnetonka, openi-ace. Lake Minnetonka. 
81. Cor. Baltimore, club. Chesapeake Bay. 
51. Atlantic, opening sail, New York Bay. 
31. Hew Jersey, opening sail. New York Bay. 
ai. Brooklyn, opening sail. New York Bay. 
31. Fall River, open. Mount Hope Bay. 
JUNE. 
5. Atlantic, Adams cups. New York Bay. 
, Buffalo, opening cruise, small classes, Port Albino. 
52. Brooklyn, annual. New York Bay. 
i2. Atlantic, special, New York Bay. 
12. Buffalo, pennant. Lake Brie. 
i . Gravesend Bay, annual, New York Bay. 
15. Atlantic, annual. 
17. Corinthian Marblehead, club, Massachusetts Bay. 
1!). Marine and Field, open. New York Bay. 
39. Columbia, annual, Hudson Hiver. 
26. Buffalo, ladies' day, Lake Erie. 
iti. Gravesend Bay, cruise, New York Bay. 
S6. Atlantic, Adams cups. New York Bay. 
26. Brooklyn, first special. New York Bay. 
JXTLY. I. 
4. Larchmont, annual, Long Island Sound. 
.3^4-3. Buffalo. 
5. Cor. Marblehead, club, Massachusetts Bay. 
3- 10. Brooklyn, annual cruise, Long Island Sound. 
Atlantic, annual cruise. Long Island Sound. 
8. Eendezvousat Riverside; sail to Morris Cove. 
9. Morris Cove to New London. 
10. New London to Shelter Island. 
11. At Anchor, Shelter Island. 
33. Fall River, ladies' day, Mount Hope Bay. 
17. Cor. Marblehead, Istcham., Massachusetts Bay. 
24. Brooklyn, special. New York Bay. 
3J. Gravesend Bay, cruise, Now York Bay, 
AUGUST. 
4- 5-6 Cor, Marblehead, midsummer series, Massachusetts Bay. 
7, Cor. Marblehead, open, Massachusetts Bay. 
7. Buffalo, club, Lake Erie. 
— . New York Y. C. cruise. 
14. Cor, Marblehead. 2d cham., Massachusetts Bay. 
14. Brooklyn, special, New Yoik Bay. 
24. Minnetonka, Inter-Lake races, Lake Minnetonka. 
25. Fall River, open. Mount Hope Bay. 
S8. Cor. Marblehead, 3d cham., Massachusetts Bay. 
28. Buffalo, 27ft. and smaller classes. Lake Erie. 
28. Gravesend Bay, cruise, New York Bay, 
28. Brooklyn, special, New York Bay. 
SEPTBMBEK. 
4-5-6. Buffalo, cruise, Lake Erie. 
6. New York, Y. R. A. annual, New York Bay. 
6. "Pall River, club. Mount Hope Bay. 
6. Cor. Marblehead, cruise, Massachusetts Bay. 
8. Gravesend Bay, special, New York Bay. 
9. Pacific Y. C., annual, San Francisco Bay. 
11. Brooklyn, sail-off. New York Bay. 
11. Buffalo, ladies' day. Lake Erie. 
85. Buffalo, closing cruise, Lake Erie. 
Secretaries of clubs and of regatta committees are re- 
quested to send early notice of fixtures and other events; 
and also of decisions of protests, etc. We shall be glad to 
receive copies of club books. 
The American papers are making entirely too much of the 
Royal Ulster banquet and the absurd talk of a challenge for 
the America's Cup; they have, to all appearances, forgotten 
the miserable fiasco of - the "Distant Shore" challenge, with 
its similar post-prandial origin and the "dark brovyn taste" 
which marked its speedy withdrawal. It must be remem- 
bered that this Irish dinner took place, not in "Greater New 
York," but a free coimtry, -sphere no Raines law exists to 
curb the enthusiasm of the speakers. 
If the reports in some New York papers are to be credited? 
a great deal of labor and money has been most unnecessarily 
wasted in the preparation of yachts to challenge for and de- 
fend the Seawanhaka cup. If, as positively stated, one of 
the new boats on her trial trip has made a speed between 
known points of 13.5 miles per hour, it is hardly worth while 
to hold trial races, and the holders of the cup might as well 
express it to Oyster Bay and turn their new fleet to any use 
for which it may be fitted other than international racing. 
We do not wish to throw doubt upon our contemporaries, 
not even to the extent of intimating that the measuring and 
timing may have been done after the methods used in con- 
nection with high-speed steam yachts; but at the same 
time we cannot forget the fairy tales of last spring, of the 
phenomenal speed of the first new 15-footers. 
YACHT DESIGNING.-XIX. 
BY W. P. STEPHENS. 
iContinued from page S3B.~) 
The triangle, Fig. 34, called in English the set squa/re, is a 
simple but very useful instrument; used in connection with 
the straightedge or T sqtiare, a great deal of work may be ac- 
complished as accurately, and much more rapidly, than by 
the regular geometrical constructions. It is used for drawing 
lines at certain fixed angles, and also for drawing parallel 
lines. One of its three angles is always a right angle, thus 
serving to draw a perpendicular to the straightedge against 
which it rests. The other two angles may be equal, or 45° 
each; or one may be of 60°, and one of 30°. At least two 
sizes of each, the 45° and the 60 and 30°, are desirable. The 
value of the triangle depends upon the absolute truth of its 
angles, and the straightness of its sides. The extreme points 
of the angles are of no consequence, they cannot be kept in- 
tact and they are of little use; but the three sides should be 
straight, and at the proper inclination to each other. The 
triangles are made of the same materials as the straightedges; 
if of wood, they should be built up with the edges faced, and 
rot of a single solid piece. Rubber and celluloid are the best 
materials, being lighter and more convenient to handle than 
metal; but a 45° <n'a?(^fe of the largest size, 13 to 16in, on 
each of the shortest edges, is a great convenience if it can be 
depended upon as absolutely accurate; and for this end metal, 
either steel or german silver, is more reliable than wood, 
rubber or celluloid. Such a triangU should be used with the 
greatest care, as even metal may be damaged by an acci- 
dontal blow or fall, and with any impairment of the accu- 
racy of the angles, or even a nick in an edge, the instrument 
18 of little use. 
With the three simple instruments, straightedge, T-square, 
and triangle, all straight ruling can be done, but there is 
certain work that can be done much more quickly with more 
complicated instruments. For drawing a large number of 
parallel lines close together, as in shading, there is the paral- 
lel ruler, two straightedges fastened together by two links 
of equal length, thus being always parallel when moved to 
or from each other. This instrument is indispensable in 
navigation and chart work, being used to transfer the com- 
pass bearings from the rose or compass to other parts of the 
chart; it is, however, by no means indispensable in practical 
drafting; the same work can be done better with a pair of 
triangles. 
A similar instrument is fheroUing parallel ruler, a straight- 
edge fitted with a roller underneath, on which it may be 
ma. 34. 
Triangle— 60 and 30 degrees. 
Triangle— 45 degrees. 
moved back and forth in parallel lines. While useful at 
times, if at hand, neither of these are, in ordinary practice, 
worth wbal they cost. 
The section liner consists of a straightedge, either a flat 
metal ruler or a round bar, with weights to keep it in place 
on the paper; a carriage travels from end to end of the bar, 
moved by a gear which engages a rack cut in the bar. This 
carriage has a second straightedge of rubber that can be set 
and clamped at any angle to the guide bar. A pawl and 
ratchet on the carnage regulates the distance of each move- 
ment, so that lines may be drawn at equal distances apart 
by throwing the pawl out of gear, the carriage may be 
moved any desired distance. With the pawl in gear, the 
instrument is used for shading and cross-sectioning, where 
many lines at small and equal distances are required. With 
the pawl out of gear, it becomes practically a T square, and 
is very useful for putting in a number of parallel lines, as in 
details of cabin work, etc. Such an instrument, costing $8 
to $10, is very useful in an office where much drawing is 
done, but of course is not essential to the amateur's outfit, 
It would appear upon first inspection that the drawing of 
straight lines was an easy matter compared with curves; but 
such is not the case. To draw a number of lines that shall 
be perfectly straight and spaced with absolute accuracy in 
regard to position and distance requires the best of tools and 
some skill in using them. A little practice in plotting lines 
of certain definite lengths and parallel or perpendicular to 
each other, as will be described later in connection with the 
laying off of the paper for a design, will show how very diifl- 
cult it is to obtain the desirable degree of accuracy. On the 
other hand, these straight lines once drawn, the curves, both 
of short and long radius, may be run in comparatively 
quickly. The instruments for drawing curves are of four 
kinds: * 
Compasses and trammels. 
Set Curve?, 
Splines or Battens. 
Adjustable Curve Ruler?, 
The first of these, to be described later, as they are to be 
classed as niarMvg instead of ruling instruments, are adapted 
only to curves which are true circles or parts of circles; for 
radii of 6in. or so, the compass is used, with a lengthening 
bar giving an additional 3 or 4in, of radius; for longer radii, 
up to a dozen feet if necessary, the beam compass, or trammel, 
is used. 
The set curves, which are used in all classes of mechanical 
Fio. 36. 
Copenhagen Ship Curves. 
drafting, but especially in marine drafiing, are patterns, 
moulds or templets of wood, metal, rubber or celluloid of a 
gr;at variety of shapes. What are known the world over as 
" Oopen7iagen Ship Curves" were originally designed especially 
for marine drafting, each curve being calculated accord- 
ing to geometrical formula?. The full set contains 120 
curves, and in rubber costs about $65; the same curves may 
be obtained in wood at about two thirds of this price. The 
largest, about 24in. long, cost from $1 to $1.25 each in rub- 
ber, and 65 to 75 cents in wood; the smallest, only 3 or Sin. 
in length, cost about 35 cents in rubber. These curves are 
now to be had in celluloid, the price being about one-fifth 
greater than rubber. 
Anything like a full set of ship curves is found only in the 
drafting rooms of large establishments, and even then there 
are many that are but seldom needed. While as large a col- 
lection as possible is always convenient, it will be found in 
practice that a comparatively small number will be sufBcient, 
provided that they are of the right shapes and that the 
draftsman is so thoroughly familiar with every one that he 
will know as soon as he looks at a line just which curve he 
must pick up to fit it. With a very large collection of 
miscellaneous curves, the time lost in hunting for just the 
right one is more than is gained in using it when found. 
Some of the typical. shapes are shown in Fig. 35. 
Such a curve as A, which is one of the larger size, 24in. 
long, very nearly straight, is useful for lines that are not 
quite straight, but which have not a strong enough curva- 
ture to cause a spline to bend fairly; such as the lines of 
masts and booms in the sail plans. B shows a useful curve 
of the same size, what is called a reverse curve, two curves 
tangent to each other. Of all the set curves, the most useful 
are these of the S type, with two reverse curves, L, M, N are 
small curves about 6in. long, of the same type, very useful 
for the sections of the body plan. C is a true parabola — in 
fact all of these curves are parabolic— and makes a good 
sheer line for the hull of a sail plan, B and F being smaller 
curves for the same purpose. i> is a reverse curve of very 
small curvature ; it is useful in drawing the rabbet line and 
the side line of keel in the half-breadth plan, lines of very 
moderate curvature. Such curves as G, fl, I are almost 
indispensable in designing the modern racing yacht of small 
size, for the hard turns of the level lines in the half-breadth 
jilans; they are also useful for the bow ends of the section 
lines in the sheer plan. K is a smaller curve for the same 
purpose. L, M, N are small curves about Gin. long, with 
good reverses, as already mentioned. 0, P are similar, but 
still smaller. Outside of the regular "ship curves" are others 
used by carriage and sleigh draftsmen, and for similar work. 
R shows a very useful curve of this kind, about 10 to 13in. 
long, one of the most generally useful curves that a drafts- . 
man can have. 
In some works on drafting mention is made of "pear- 
sJiaped curves" as veiy useful to the marine draftsman, but 
such curves are not to be had in this country; they are en- 
tirely different from the "pearicood curves" mentioned in 
some lists and made of pear wood of all shapes. Among 
the miscellaneous curves made for different purposes are 
complete sets of ellipses, parabolas and Jiyperbolas, which are 
of no practical use to the marine draftsmen. There are also 
made extensive sets of circular curves, with radii graded 
from 20ft. down to liin. ; these are called "railroad citrves," 
and are designed for drawing the curves of railway tracks, 
which are always circular. These curves also serve for 
drawing the crown of deck and the deck beams; a few of 
them in wood, or even cardboard, of 3 to 4ft. radius, will be 
found useful. 
In purchasing an outfit of set curves, it is best to begin with 
a few, perhaps half a dozen, of medium and small sizes, 
using these until every inch of curve on each is well known, 
then others may be added by degrees as the need is found 
for them. In this way no money need be wasted on curves 
which look well on the walls, but are of limited utility in 
practice. Very good work can be done with wooden curves, 
bul the rubber are preferable for a permanent outfit. 
If of reliable manufacture these curves are in the main 
true and fair, but constant use will disclose lumps and unfair 
spots, especially in the verysmaD ones. Such imperfections 
are a serious annoyance to the careful draftsman, but great 
care should be taken in the attempt to rectify them, which is 
best done by very fine sandpaper wrapped around a small 
block of wo 3d and applied lightly to the hard places on the 
curve, which is laid flat on a table, the part under treatment 
projecting slightly over the edge. 
The draftsman' will- frequently find it desirable to make 
his own curves for special purposes, such as the drawing of 
the stem contour or the midship or middle waterline section. 
A good material for this purpose is the heavy red cardboard 
known as "press hoard" and used by printers to lay between 
the printed sheets in subjecting them to hydraulic pressure, 
as is* done in the case of fine books. This material may be 
had in sheets nearly or quite -^xn. thick. The outline of 
the curve is first traced on tracing paper and then trans- 
ferred to the cardboard by pricking through with a needle or 
protracting point, or by tracing over transfer paper. The 
cardboard may be cut out with a penknife or scissors, as 
closely to the line as possible, the edge is then smoothed and 
trued up with fine sandpaper ' and the templet or mould is 
tested by applying to the drawing. The cardboard is hard 
encugh to stand cutting and sandpapering, but it may be. 
made harder and smoother by a coat of shellac varnish over 
the edges. With a little careful manipulation the edge of 
would or templet may be made fair, smooth and true, and 
exactly fitted to the line on the paper. A single thickness 
of this material is hardly thick enough for pen drawing, but 
the outline may be run in with the pencil and inked with 
the rest of the drawing, by means of the thicker wood or. 
rubber curves. For drawing the very flat curves of mast, 
boom, gaff, etc., the draftsman can make his own curves, of' 
hard wood or rubber; it adds greatly to the appearance of a. 
sail plan if the spars are drawn with the proper taper, and 
this can best be done with such moulds. A great deal of, 
time may be saved by making special moulds for parts' 
which are frequently duplicated, such as the midship sec- 
tion, rudder, centerboard, etc. 
There are two things in particular about the work of the 
marine draftsman which are apt to excite the wonder of the 
casual observer ; how the beautiful curves, such as the level 
lines, are drawn, and what the little lead coflins are for? 
One answer will sulfice for both questions: the curved lines 
are drawn by means of a thin, flexible stick, as a guide for 
the pencil or pen; and the "little lead coffins" are used to 
anchor the stick in place while the pen or pencil is drawn 
along it. Such sticks are properly called splines or battens, 
and they are among the most indispensable portion of the 
draftsman's outfit. Their use is peculiar to marine drafting 
and they are practically unknown in other branches of the^ 
art. The proper material for the splines is wood, and lance- 
wood is the best of all. Rubber and celluloid are used, bu' 
they are inferior to wood. 
Considering the high degree of perfection now attained in. 
the manufacture of the most dehcate and elaborate instru* 
ments for draltsmen, engineers and surveyors, and the addi- 
tional fact that good splines are the foundation of perfect 
work in marine drafting, it is most surprising that such can^ 
not be purchased ready made or even obtained to order 
The leading stores, in London as well as in this country, 
offer nothing better than the flimsy and flexible rubbei 
splines or wooden ones that are crooked, knotty and verj 
badly proportioned. The regular stock batten sold in th< 
stores, of rubber, celluloid or -wood, about |in. thick anc 
