No. 161.] 
207 
We have said that in the United States proper, no trace of the 
undoubted volcanic products has been found, whilst in France there 
exists, from Auvergne to the mouths of the Rhone, upwards of 
two hundred extinct volcanoes. Extinct volcanoes are numerous 
along the borders of the Rhine, and in other parts of Germany, and 
Hungary. Italy is full of these products; they are common in 
Spain, Iceland, Ireland and Scotland; in fine, there are few parts, 
of any great extent, of that continent, that do not contain them. 
Of all the phenomena of inanimate nature, none are more re- 
markable, or of more importance, than the uplifting of the rocks 
which forms the crust of our globe, whether considered in relation 
to all organized life, to whose existence it is essential, or from the 
extraordinary circumstance, that in every part of our globe the in- 
clined rocks, with exceptions not affecting the general law, pursue 
a north-northeast and south-southwest direction, or when not in- 
clined, one of the series of rocks, or parallel fissures, common to all 
rocks, pursue the direction of the disturbing forces, so far as my 
observations have extended; or finally, from the simple means used 
to produce this stupendous result. 
That the crust of the earth has been uplifted, is a position which 
geoligists now concede, for independent of the difficulty of finding 
a cause adequate to the forming of caverns to contain the disap- 
peared water, and which shall be in conformity with the laws dis- 
played in creation; no cause can be found upon that supposition, 
adequate to produce that appearance of successive series of rocks, 
which extend, though not continuously, over the whole surface. 
Besides it is in opposition to all the facts acquired, either by expe- 
rience, experiment, or observation, as to the nature of the interior 
of the earth. 
Experience shows, that all water met with in mining comes from 
the surface. It is all fresh water, excepting in those instances 
where salt exists either in mass, or disseminated throughout the 
rock; no cavities are found in rocks, excepting those of limestone, 
and the caverns there existing are all, or were once all, above the 
ocean's level, and have been formed by surface running water. 
Moreover, the opinion is inadmissable from the density of the globe 
being about three times greater than the rock at the surface, from 
the non-accordance, also, with the mass of facts obtained from a 
knowledge of the whole series of rocks, including all volcanic phe- 
nomena likewise; and finally, from the fact, that by observation 
