62 
modeled in papier mache. A portion of the right shoulder blade 
(scapula) is also restored. All other parts are from the one 
animal. 
DIMENSIONS OF 1 HE SKELETON. 
Extreme length to the anterior curve of tusks, . iS ft. 
Extreme length to end of tusk sockets, . . 14 " 
Height to top of dorsal spines, . . . . 8 " 6 in. 
Bieadth across hip bones (pelvis), . . 5 " 
Lengtn of tusks along outer curve, . '. . 7 " 5 in. 
The height of a skeleton is readily varied by the manner of 
mounting it. The height here might be increased twelve to 
eighteen inches by raising the body between the shoulder blades, 
as is usually but wrongfully done. 
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF A MASTODON. 
The general appearance of a Mastodon while living, would, 
as stated above, be much like that of a living Elephant. The 
skeletons, of the two differ only in the dentition (teeth) and in 
the less height and more heavy limb bones of the Mastodon. 
The Elephants' teeth are larger, and only one on each side of 
each jaw at a time, fully developed ; the remnants of the old, 
worn-out tooth, being pushed out of place by the advance of the 
new one. They are, moreover, constructed of flattened, vertical 
cylinders of enamel, filled within and surrounded and encased by 
ivory-like cement ; the motion of the jaws being such as to rub 
the teeth together, wears them down to nearly flat surfaces. On 
the contrary, the Mastodon teeth are two on each side of each 
jaw, and are made up of ivory cement in the' inside, covered 
with a thick coating of enamel, while the surfaces are covered by 
strong, tubercular ridges, resembling the teats of a cow, whence 
the name Mastodon. The motion of the jaws does not produce 
a rubbing of the teeth, but is fitted for crushing the coarser 
vegetable substances. It also has tusks in the lower jaw until 
nearly or quite adult, in both sexes ; and in the males, one or 
sometimes both sides permanently ; in which respect they differ 
entirely from the Elephant. 
The comparative age of the Indian Elephant can be arrived at 
from the size of the teeth and the number of plates they contain. 
