CARPOSPOREM. 
2H9 
with few exceptions [Batracbospermum, Hildenbrandtia^), to the sea. In the normal 
condition they are of a red or violet colour; the green colour of their chlorophyll is 
concealed by a red pigment^, soluble in cold water. 
The Thalhis of the Florideae consists, in the simplest forms, of branched rows of cells, 
which elongate by apical growth and transverse division of their apical cell. An appa- 
rent formation of tissue occurs in many Ceramiaceae (C. Cramer, Physiolog. u. system. 
Untersuch, über die Ceramiaceen, Zürich, 1863) from the branch s growing closely 
adpressed to their mother-axes, and thus surrounding them with a cortex, reminding one 
of the formation of the cortex in Chara. In other Florideae the thallus is a flat expan- 
sion of cells, but often consisting of several layers ; in some (as Hypoglossum and Deles- 
seria) it assumes the contour of stalked leaves, even the venation being represented ; in 
others [e.g. Sphierococcus and Gelidium) it consists of filiform or narrow strap-shaped 
masses of tissue, which ramify copiously {e.g. Plocamium, Sic). In all these cases Nägeli 
asserts (Neuere Algensysteme, p. 248) that apical growth takes place from an apical cell 
(in Peissomelia possibly from several). In the simpler forms the segments of the apical 
cell are formed in one row by transverse divisions, in others in two or three rows by 
oblique walls. One group which comprises a large number of species, the Melobesiaccae 
(RosanofF, Mem. de la Soc. Imp. des Sei. Nat. de Cherbourg, vol. XII. 1866), forms di^c- 
like thallomes, which grovi^ centrifugally at the circumference and are closely attached 
to the substance on which they grow, which generally consists of larger Algae ; they 
resemble Coleochxte scutata in their size and mode of life, but their thallome generally 
consists of several layers, and the cell-wall is encrusted with lime. 
The asexual organs of reproduction are gonidia : since four are usually formed in 
a mother-cell, they are termed 7etragonidia, but sometimes only one, or two, or eight 
are formed. They do not occur in the Nemalieae. When the thallus consists of rows of 
cells, the tetragonidia are produced in the apical cell of lateral branches ; in the rest (with 
the exception of the Phyllophoraceae, according to Nägeli) they lie imbedded in the tissue 
of the thallome, often in branches of peculiar shape, in great numbers. 
The sexual organs, antheridia and carpogonia, are produced on other plants of the 
same species ; the sexual plants are frequently dioecious. 
— • 
Sitzungsb. der k, bayer. Akad. der Wissen.— Bornet and Thuret, Ann des Sei. Nat. 51h series, 
vol. VII. 1867.— Solms-Laubach, Bot. Zeitg. nos. 21, 22, 1867. [See also Agardh, Florideernes 
Morphologie, 1880; Kny, Ueb. Axillarknospen bei Florideen, 1873; Thuret, Etudes phycologiques, 
1878; Bornet et Thuret, Notes Algologiques, 1876-80; Janc^ewski, Le developpement des cysto- 
carpes dans les Floridees, Cherbourg, 1876; Berthold, Zur Kennt, d. Bangiaceen (-Mitth. d, Zool. 
Stat. z. Neapel, 1880) ; Solms-Laubach, Corallineen (Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes von Neapel, 1881).] 
^ [Also Lemaneacese, Sirodot, Ann. des Sei. Nat. 5th ser. 1872, vol. XVI, and Baiigia.'] 
^ Rosanoff extracted the red colouring matter by cold water, and examined it accurately. In 
transmitted light it is carmine-red, in reflected reddish-yellow ; the grains of chlorophyll also show 
this fluorescence, and when the red colouring matter (the phycoerythrine) has escaped from them in 
consequence of injury to the cells they are green ; the whole plant also remains green when the red 
colouring matter has been extracted by water or destroyed by heat. (Rosanoff in Compt. Rend, 
April 9, 1866.) Besides the chlorophyll-granules coloured red by phycoerythrine, Cohn found in 
Bornetia colourless crystalloids of an albuminous substance whicj:i are coloured a beautiful red by the 
colouring matter that escapes from the chlorophyll-granules when the cells are injured or killed. 
(Schultze's Arch, für mikr. Anat. III. p. 24.) Cramer had previously observed crystalloids of this 
kind in Bornetia which had been preserved in a solution of sodium chloride, and had accurately 
described them ; according to him they are partly hexagonal, partly octahedral (Rhodospermin). 
(Vierteljahrschr. der naturf. Ges. in Zürich, vol. VII.) Julius Klein (Flora, no. 11, 1871) found 
colourless crystalloids in Grißthsia harhata and fieapolitana, GoTigoceras pellticidnvi, and Callithavmion 
semiiiudum; and states that the red crystalloids which are also found outside the cell-cavity only 
appear after treatment with sodium chloride, alcohol, or glycerine, since their colourless matrix takes 
up the diffusible red colouring matter of the Florideae. On Phycoerythrine see Askenasy, Bot. Zeitg. 
no. 30, 1867. [Sorby, Monthly Mic. Journ. vol. VI. 1871, p. 124. Van Tieghem has detected starch 
in the Florideoe, Compt. Rend. 1S65.] 
U 
