CARPOSPOREvE. 
3OT 
cells, the outside of the globe increasing more rapidly than the inside : the middle cells 
(m), which form the mahubria, remain attached to the centres of the shields, but are 
separated from one another by the tangential growth of the shields; they grow slowly in 
the radial direction : the innermost cell / of each octant is rounded off and becomes the 
capitulum. 
The celiyin Fig. 200, D, now also grows quickly, and forces itself between the four 
lower shields into the interior of the globe ; it becomes the flask-shaped cell, upon the 
apex of which rest the eight capitula. In Fig. 201 this condition of the antheridium 
is shown in longitudinal section ; here the walls of the capitula bound the intercellular 
spaces which have now been formed and are filled with fluid ; they put out branches (c) 
which become septate, and again ramify; and these branches elongate by apical growth 
and also become septate. Their basal cells swell up into a roundish shape, and form 
the secondary capitula, upon which stand the whip-shaped filaments, consisting of the 
discoid cells which are the mother-cells of the antherozoids. (Compare Fig. 201 with 
Fig. 198, B.) 
The antheridia of Chara fragilis are produced by metamorphosis of those leaflets 
which form the innermost row on a leaf, and in fact, as is shown in Fig. 203, the 
development advances downwards on the primary leaf. The succession of cells and the 
mode of growth show no noteworthy difi'erences from those of Nitella ; the flask-shaped 
pedicel is here placed on a small cell wedged in between the cortical cells, which is the 
central cell of the basal node of the leaflet : Braun asserts that this cell is present also in 
sterile leaves, but I have not succeeded in finding it. 
Anthero%oid5. The whip-shaped filaments in which the antherozoids arise do not 
grow merely at their apex, but have also an intercalary growth. This is shown by the 
elongated cells in the middle of young filaments, each with two nuclei, between which no 
division-wall has yet been formed (Fig. 198, C). The longer the filaments become, the 
more numerous are their divisions, until at length the individual cells have the appearance 
of rather narrow transverse discs. The further development of the contents of these 
mother-cells of the antherozoids progresses backwards from the end of the filament ; 
the antherozoids are formed in basipetal order in each filament. At first the nucleus 
of each mother-cell lies in its centre, later it places itself in contact with one septum ; 
the nucleus then disappears, and its substance becomes mixed with that of the pro- 
toplasm, which now forms a central discoid mass in the moLher-cell, surrounded by 
a hyaline fluid (Fig, 198, E). From this is formed the antherozoid, and, when it is 
mature, there is no granular protoplasm left over in the cell \ The antherozoids begin 
to rotate even while within their cell, and escape out of it after the rupture of the 
antheridium; the filiform antherozoid has in Nitella 2 or 3, in Chara 3 or 4 coils; the 
posterior thicker end contains a few glistening granules. 
The De'velopment of the Carpogonium has already been described in detail by A. Braun ; 
I have also studied it in Nitella flexilis and Chara fragilis. In Nitella flexilis it springs 
from the node of the leaf beneath the antheridium (Fig. 199, B and C) ; its origin is 
much later than that of the latter. Fig. 202, represents a very young carpogonium ; 
the lowest cell of the pedicel {b) bears the small nodal cell with the five rudiments of 
the enveloping tubes (/6), (two only are shown here in longitudinal section). Above the 
nodal cell lies the apical cell {s) of the branch, for such is the nature of the carpo- 
gonium. B represents a further stage of development, in which the first of the cells, 
designated by A. Braun the ' Wendungszellen,' has already made its appearance, and 
two septa have also appeared in the upper part of each enveloping tube; these 
upper short cells are raised up by the intercalary growth of the tubes, above the apical 
cell, and form the crown K \xi C and D. The lowest of the cells of the crown each 
forms a prolongation projecting inwards and downwards, as shown in Fig. 202 C and 
X), so that the whole carpogonium resembles a 'lobster-pot.' The spiral torsion of 
^ Compare the opposite view of Schacht, Die Spermatozoiden im Pflanzenreich, 1864, p. 30. 
[The account given in the text is confirmed by Strasburger, Zellbildung u. Zelltheilung, 1880.] 
