PHANEROGAMS. 
four orders of shoots are developed in one plane in such a manner that a system 
of this kind assumes a definite contour and somewhat the appearance of a pinnate 
leaf. In Taxodium the foliage-leaves are formed in two rows on slender branches 
a few inches in length ; in T. disHchum these fall off in the autumn together with 
their leaves, thus presenting a still greater resemblance to pinnate leaves. Finally 
Phyllocladus produces on all its verticillate shoots only small colourless scale-like 
leaves, from the axils of which, but beneath the terminal bud, whorls of shoots spring 
with limited power of growth, developing their bilateral side-shoots in the form of 
flat-lobed foliage-leaves. These remarks, incomplete as they are, may suffice to 
turn the attention of the student to the phenomena of the branching, which are 
moreover easily observed. 
The Leaves (with the exception of the floral leaves) are either all foliage-leaves 
containing chlorophyll, as in Araucaria, Ju?iiperus, Thuja, &c. ; or all colourless or 
brownish scales, as in Phyllocladus, where the foliage-leaves are replaced by 
leaflike shoots ; or, finally, scales and foliage-leaves are very frequently formed at 
the same time, and even on the same shoots (as in Abies), where the scales only 
serve the purpose of protecting the buds ; or the two forms are distributed on 
different axes, as in the true Pines {Pinus\ the permanent woody shoots of which 
produce only membranous scales, the axils of which develope sterile foHage-shoots 
which afterwards die off. The foliage-leaves of Conifers are mostly small, of simple 
structure, and scarcely ever compound; they are smallest and at the same time most 
numerous in the Cupressinese, where they form a dense covering to the axes of the 
branchlets (as Thuja, Cupressus, &c.) ; in most of the Abietineae and in Taxus and 
Juniperus, they are larger, more sharply separated from the axis, narrow and com- 
paratively thick, usually angular and prismatic (acicular) ; intermediate forms between 
these acicular leaves and the broad expanded leaves of Thuja occur in Araucaria 
excelsa, &c. In Podocarpus and Dammara the leaves are flat and broader, and in 
Salishuria they are stalked and even two-lobed, with a deeply emarginate apex as 
if from dichotomous division. Not unfrequently, especially in the Cupressineae, 
the foliage-leaves of the elongated primary axis are different in form from those 
higher up the same axis and from those on the lateral shoots ; in Thuja, Juniperus 
virginiana, Cupressus, Sec, the former are acicular, patent, and of considerable size, 
the latter very small and closely appressed to the axis; the youthful foliage some- 
times recurs on isolated branches of adult plants. The axis of the shoot within 
the bud is so densely covered with the bases of leaves that no free portion of the 
surface of the axis is visible between them. When the axis has attained a con- 
siderable length on the unfolding of the bud, the bases of the leaves generally grow 
at the same time in length and breadth, so that they entirely cover the surface of 
the enlarged shoot also, clothing it with a green cortex, in which the parts belonging 
to the separate leaves can be distinctly recognised. This is especially clear in 
Araucaria and many species of Pinus, but is very common also in other genera; 
in Thuja, Cupressus, Lihocedrus, (fee, the axis of the shoot is also completely 
covered with these leaf-cushions; but the free parts of the leaves are very small 
and often project only as short points or projections. The phyllotaxis is spiral 
in the Abietineae, Taxineae, Araucarieae, Podocarpus, &c. ; the Cupressineae bear 
whorls which, above the cotyledons, contain generally from three to five leaves, but 
