512 
PHANEROGAMS. 
way. In Juntperus communis even the ovules, here the representatives of whole 
leaves, are arranged in alternating whorls. But, occasionally, as in Taxus, greater 
differences are to be observed in the phyllotaxis of the flowering shoot as compared 
with that of the foliage-shoots. 
The Male Flowers always consist of a distinctly elongated axis provided with 
staminal leaves, and ending above in a naked apex (Fig. 349 A). The stamens are 
mostly more delicate and of a different colour from the foliage-leaves, and are usually 
divided into a slender pedicel and a peltate lamina bearing the pollen-sacs on its 
under side, as in Taxus^ the Cupressinese, and Abietineae (Fig. 348 349 A, 
350 A). The flat expansion at the end of the pedicel may, however, be entirely 
absent, as in Salisburia (Fig. 347 C), where it is reduced to a small knob on which 
the pollen-sacs hang. That the parts which bear the pollen-sacs in Coniferge are 
beyond doubt metamorphosed leaves, is evident not only from their form, but still 
Fig. -iia— Salisburia adiantifolia (natural size). A a short secondary foliag-e-shoot with female flowers, on the naked axes 
of which are placed the ovules sk ; B a. male flower ; C part of one magnified, a the pollen-sacs ; D longitudinal section of 
an ovule magnified ; E a ripe seed with an abortive one by its side on the floral axis. 
more from their arrangement, which has already been spoken of. If the staminal 
leaves of the Cycadeae show a resemblance in more than habit to the sporangiferous- 
leaves of Ferns, those of Coniferse may perhaps be compared to the peltate scales that 
bear the sporangia of Equisetaceae ; and not unfrequently, as in Taxus ^ Juniperus , 
&c., the resemblance of the male flowers to the inflorescence of Equisetuvi is as 
striking in external appearance as in the actual agreement between them from a 
morphological point of view. The pollen-sacs usually hang, with a narrow base, on 
the under side of their support, and do not cohere in their growth ; their number is 
usually much smaller than in Cycadeae, but much more variable than in Angio- 
sperms ; in the Yew the peltate part of the staminal leaf bears from three to eight, 
in the Juniper and most Cupressineae three roundish pollen-sacs (Figs. 348, 349). 
Those of Piftus, Abies, and their allies lie in pairs parallel or placed obliquely to 
one another, right and left of the pedicel, which here resembles the connective of 
