5i6 
PHANEROGAMS. 
to elongated woody shoots. They have the form of short branches covered with 
decussate scale-Hke bracts (Fig. 348, C, D) ; the axis of the shoot ends in an 
apparently terminal ovule, the nucellus of which has the appearance of being 
the vegetative cone of the axis, but axillary ovules also occur. In Salisburia the 
female flowers spring from the axils of foliage-leaves belonging to short lateral 
branches which annually produce new rosettes of leaves (Fig. 347 Ä)\ the single 
flower consists of a stalk-like elongated axis which bears immediately beneath its 
apex two or more rarely three lateral ovules. Neither in this genus nor in Taxus 
are there any foliar structures close to the ovules which either from their position 
or from any other circumstance can be regarded as carpels. In the genus Podo- 
carpus small flowering shoots are developed, springing in P. chinensis (according 
to Braun) from the axils of foliage-leaves, in P. chilina from the axils of very 
smaU scale-leaves at the end of elongated leafy shoots ; they consist of an axial 
structure slender and stalk-like below, club-shaped above, and bearing three pairs 
of very small decussate scales. The floral axis terminates between the upper 
pair; the ovules, in this case anatropous, with their micropyle turned downwards 
and towards the floral axis, spring from the axils of this pair ; one ovule however 
is usually abortive, and the flower becomes one-seeded. In Phyllodadus the lower 
lateral branchlets of the leaf-like flattened shoots are transformed into female 
flowers which are raised upon a pedicel and are swollen above into the form of 
a club, the large ovules standing (according to a drawing of Decaisne's') in the 
axils of small leaves. In these two genera the small scales from the axils of 
which the ovules spring may be regarded as carpels, if it is thought necessary to 
assume the existence of these organs. 
The ovules of Juniperus communis (Fig. 349, C) stand in whorls of threes 
beneath the naked extremity of the floral axis, the flower springing as a little 
shoot from the axil of a foliage-leaf, and its axis bearing whorls of three leaves. 
The ovules apparently alternate with the three leaves of the upper whorl, and 
hence must, from their position, be themselves considered as metamorphosed 
leaves; these leaves of the upper whorl swell after fertilisation, grow together 
and become fleshy, forming the pulp of the juniper-berry in which the ripe seeds 
are entirely enclosed ; they may therefore be termed carpels. In the other Cupres- 
sineae the flower consists of decussate whorls of two or three leaves, which grow 
considerably after fertilisation and attain a considerable size, enveloping the seed 
and forming a pericarp which may therefore correctly be said to be formed of 
carpels. In Sabina the pericarp is fleshy and berry -like, as in Juniperus; in the 
other genera, on the other hand [Thuja, Cupressus, Callitris and Taxodium), 
the carpels become woody and assume the form of stalked peltate scales, or of 
valves separating from one another longitudinally (Frenela) ; these are closely 
approximate during the development of the seed, but afterwards open to allow 
the ripe seeds to fall out. The erect ovules of Cupressineae sometimes appear 
to stand in the axils of the carpels; but it is clear in other cases that they 
spring from the carpels themselves, either low down near their point of insertion 
^ [See Le Maout and Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, edited by Dr. Hooker, 
London 1873, p. 747.] 
