G NET AC EM. 
(a) JuniperinefP. F^'uit berry-like {Juniperus ^ Sabina). 
(b) Actinostrobe(C. Carpels united into valves ; afterwards separating as a four- or 
six-rayed star [Widdringtonia, Frenela, Actinostrobus, Callitris, Libocedrus). 
(c) ThujopsidecE. Carpels partially overlapping one another {Biota, Thuja, Thujopsis.) 
(d) Cupressinece 'vera. Carpels peltate and polygonal in front {Cupressus, Cha- 
moEcyparis). 
(e) Taxodinece. Carpels peltate or overlapping; leaves alternate {Taxodium Gly- 
ptostrobus, Cryptomeria). 
Fanaily 2. AbietineaB. Leaves usually acicular and arranged spirally, singly, or in 
twos, threes, or rosettes on special short shoots; flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious : 
stamens numerous, with two or more long pollen-sacs; female flower consisting of 
a number of scale-like placentae arranged spirally, which are either themselves carpels or 
are lignified outgrowths of small carpels ; micropyle of the ovule turned towards the base 
of the placenta; embryo with from two to fifteen cotyledons. 
(a) AbietinecR 'verce. Seeds in pairs on a scale-like placenta which springs from a 
small open carpellary leaf {Pinus, Abies, Tsuga, Larix, Cedrus). 
(b) AraucariecB. Seed single on the carpel, and enveloped by it {Araucaria). 
(c) CunninghamiecB. Seeds single or numerous on a carpel [Dammara, Cunning- 
hamia, Arthrotaxis, Sequoia, Sciadopitys). 
Family 3. PodocarpeaB. Leaves acicular or broader, and arranged spirally ; flowers 
monoecious or dioecious; stamens short, with two roundish pollen-sacs; female flower 
consisting of an axis swollen above with small scale-leaves, from the axils of which (?) 
the ovules spring ; embryo dicotyledonous. 
Podocarpus {Dacrydium, Microcachrys). 
Family 4. Taxineae. Leaves arranged spirally, acicular or often of considerable 
breadth ; in Phyllocladus there are no foliage-leaves, these being replaced by leaf-like 
branches ; flowers always dioecious ; stamens of various forms, bearing two, three, four, 
or eight pendent pollen-sacs ; female flowers always consisting of a naked axis or 
of one furnished with small leaves, bearing the erect ovules terminally or laterally ; 
ripe seed enclosed in a fleshy aril or with the outer layer of the testa fleshy ; embryo 
dicotyledonous. 
Phyllocladus, Salisburia, Cephalotaxus, Torreya, Taxus. 
C. GNETACE^^ 
This order includes three genera which differ strikingly in habit. The Ephedrae 
are shrubs with no foliage-leaves and with long, slender, cylindrical green-barked 
branches ; at the joints of the stem are two opposite minute leaves which grow 
together into a bidentate sheath, and from their axils the lateral branches spring. 
In Gnetum the leaves are also opposite on the jointed axes, but large and 
stalked, with a broad lanceolate lamina and feather-veined venation. Thirdly, 
Welwitschia mirahilis, so remarkable a plant in many other ways, possesses only two 
foliage- leaves of immense size. They are extended on the ground and become 
divided into strips as they become old ; the stem remains short, rising only slightly 
^ See Strasburger, Die Coniferen und Gnetaceen, Jena, 1872, 
