558 
PHANEROGAMS. 
consist of one or more closed chambers in which the ovules are formed ; the lower, 
hollow, swollen part of each separate seed- chamber which encloses the ovules is 
called the Ovary ; the place or the mass of tissue from w^hich the ovules spring 
directly into the ovary is a Placenta. Above the ovary the seed-vessel narrows 
into one or more thin stalk-like structures or Styles, which bear the Stigmas ; these 
are glandular swellings or expansions of various forms which retain the pollen that 
is carried to them, and by means of the moisture which is excreted from them induce 
the emission of the pollen-tubes. 
Fig. 3^2.—B7itojnus mnbellatits : A flower (natural size) ; B the gynfficeum (magnified) , the perianth and stamens removed, 
n the stigmas ; C horizontal section through three of the monocarpellary ovaries, each carpel bearing on its inside a number of 
ovules ; D a young ovule ; h an ovule immediately before fertilisation, i z tlie integuments, A' the nucellus, A'^the raphe, em the 
embryo-sac ; horizontal section through the stigmatic portion of a carpe! (strongly magnified), pollen-grains attached to the 
stigniatic hairs ; G horizontal section of a quadrilocular anther, but the valves z are so separated at ß that it then appears 
bilocular ; H part of an anther-lobe (corresponding to ß in G), y the point where it has become detached from the connective, 
f the epidermis, jr the fibrous layer of cells (endothecium) ; / diagram of the entire flower; the perianth // consists of two 
alternate whorls of three leaves, as also does the androecium, but the stamens of the outer whorl f are double, those of the inner 
whorl f simple and thicker ; the gynaeceum also consists of two whorls of three carpels, an outer c and an inner whorl c' \ there 
are therefore six alternate whorls of three, the members of the first staminal whorl being doubled. 
The Gynaeceum is always the final structure of the flower. When the floral 
axis has attained a sufficient length, the gynaeceum is formed at its apex ; if the axis 
is flat, disc-like, or expanded, it stands in the centre of the flower ; if it is hollowed 
out or cup-shaped, the gynaeceum is placed at the bottom of the hollow, in the centre 
of which lies the apical point of the floral axis. In the diagram of the flower, 
Figs. 382 /, and 384 where each outer circle represents a lower transverse section, 
and each inner circle a higher one, the gynaeceum necessarily appears always as 
the innermost central structure of the flower, the longitudinal displacements on the 
floral axis being neglected in the construction of the diagram. 
