572 PH A NER 0 GA MS. 
nucellus; an annular wall grows up first, and finally envelopes the nucellus and 
extends beyond it as an integument. If a second outer integument is formed in 
addition, this arises in a similar manner, and grows up around the first (as in 
Piperacese, Polygonaceae, &c.). The anatropous ovule may be at first a straight or * 
slightly curved projection of tissue (as in Fig. 397, /), but it immediately becomes 
evidently curved at the spot where the first or the single integument springs from it 
(Fig. 397, //, 77/, IV); the apical part enclosed by the integument then forms the 
nucellus, while the subjacent basal part becomes the funiculus. As the integuments 
arise, the curvature becomes gradually stronger, and the nucellus becomes inverted 
even before the outer integument has entirely developed. This latter is therefore 
not formed on the side next to the raphe, but clothes all the free part of the 
ovule, right and left of the raphe (Fig. 397, V, VI, VII). Cramer was the first to 
point out that anatropous ovules may originate in another way (and this is probably 
Fig. ^gS.—Funkia cordata; A horizontal section of the young superior trilocular ovary, two ovules 5Ä' are seen in each 
loculus, growing from the revolute margins of the carpels, g a fibro-vascular bundle surrounded by light-coloured parenchyma ; 
B and C two successive states of the young ovule in longitudinal section, KK tissue of the nucellus, zV inner, ia outer integument, 
e embryo-sac (A slightly, B, C very highly magnified). 
the most common case), the ovule developing as a secondary lateral projection 
beneath the apex of the young conical funiculus, and curving backwards subse- 
quently towards the base of the latter. This inversion takes place while the single 
or the inner integument is enveloping the nucellus from the summit of the funi- 
culus ; the second integument, if there be one, then similarly clothes the free part 
(see Fig. 398, B, C). Köhne ^ has indeed thrown some doubt on the actual lateral 
origin of the nucellus, not only in Compositse, but also in Solanum, Hedera, Fuchsia, 
Begonia, &c. I have, however, had the opportunity of observing a number of 
different stages of development in this respect, and not only of convincing myself 
that the funiculus arises laterally with respect to the apex of the floral axis, but also 
that the nucellus, when first visible, stands laterally also below the apex of the funi- 
culus. It is possible that the observation of peculiarly favourable cases will remove 
^ Köhne, Ueber die Bliithenentwickelung bei den Compositen. Berlin 1866. [Köhne's view is 
supported by Haenlein's observations (Beit. z. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Compositenblüthe, 
Scheiik's Mittheilungen, II. 1875).] 
