ANGIOSPERMS. 
parts from the typical flower represented in Fig. 406, which is itself the typical^diagram 
of Liliacese. A is the diagram of Bambusa, which only deviates from the type in 
the absence of the outer perianth-whorl which is indicated by dots. But in most other 
Grasses {B) the posterior leaf of the inner perianth-whorl (this whorl appearing generally 
only in the form of small colourless scales), the whole of the inner whorl of stamens, and 
the anterior carpel, are also wanting. In Nardus again (C), the anterior carpel only is 
present (as far as the pistil is concerned) ; all the absent parts are represented by dots, 
and the diagram is therefore so far a theoretical one. If the dots are removed, we get 
the empirical diagram ; the number and position of the carpels is here determined from 
those of the stigmas ^ 
riG. 409. — E iaj^rain of the flower of a Grabs ; A Bambusa ; B of most Grasses ; C q{ Nardits (from Doll, Flora von Baden, 
vol. I. pp. 105, 133). 
The flowers of Orchidese can also be derived, like those of Gramineae, from the type 
represented in Fig. 406, the empirical diagram of Liliaceae, although their external form 
is so remarkably different. While in Grasses the perianth is especially degenerated or 
even partially abortive, in Orchids both whorls are developed in a petaloid, and like the 
whole flower, in a zygomorphic or monosymmetrical manner. Of the androecium, which 
consists typically of two alternating whorls, each of three stamens, only a single stamen 
is completely developed in most Orchids (Fig. 410, A)^ viz. the anterior one of the outer 
whorl, the others being abortive. Indications of these are however sometimes found 
in the young bud, as in Calanthe veratri/oHa (according to Payer, cf. Fig. 394), where at 
Fig. 410. — Diagram of the flower of Orchideje; A the ordinat-y structure; />' that of Cypripedium (see Figs. 372 and 41S) : 
the dots indicate stamens which are altogether abortive, the shaded figures rudimentary stamens which become abortive or 
transformed into staminodes. 
least the two anterior ones of the inner whorl (but not the posterior one) appear as 
small elevations which soon disappear. In Cypripedium, on the contrary, a large 
staminodium (see Fig. 372) takes the place of the anterior stamen which is else- 
where fertile ; while the two anterior and lateral anthers of the inner whorl are fally 
developed and fertile (Fig. 410, B). In Ophrydea^ two smaU staminodes are found 
beside the gynostemium {cf. Fig. 418, D,st) in the place of the two fertile stamens of 
Cypripedium ; while in Uropedium all three of the inner whorl are completely developed. 
(Doll.) The carpels which, by adhesion with the androecium form the gynostemium, are 
developed unequally, a difi'erence which however is usually not discernible in inferior 
ovaries, and is therefore not indicated in the diagram. The student who desires to 
^ Compare further, Doll, Beiträge, in the Jahresbericht des Mannheimer Vereins für Naturkunde, 
1870, wehere an actual pentacyclic trimerous flower of Streptochcete is described. 
