ANGIOSPERMS. 
of certain plates of tissue in the fully ripe fruit (as in Umbelliferae and Acer), then termed 
a Cremocarp, where the fruit breaks up into two one-seeded halves or mericarps by the 
splitting of the dissepiment or ' carpophore ' along its length. The quinquilocular fruit 
of Geranium splits up in the same manner into five one-seeded mericarps. 
True single fruits are in general unilocular or multilocular, according as the ovary 
was divided or not. But the unilocular ovary miay produce a nmltilocular fruit by 
spurious dissepiments, /. e. such as cannot be considered as the reflexed margins of the 
carpels ; and the loculi of such a fruit may lie either one above another or side by side. 
The compartments, for example, of the legume (lomentum) of some Papilionacese and 
of Cassia ßstula lie one over another, while the two spurious loculi of the legume of 
Astragalus lie side by side. A multilocular ovary may, ^vice 'versa, produce a unilocular 
fruit by the suppression of one or more loculi, as in the Oak and Lime. A classification 
of fruits into monocarpellary and polycarpellary cannot therefore be carried out as it 
can be in ovaries ; the terms having now a different application. 
The wall of the ovary becomes the wall of the fruit or Pericarp. If sufficiently thick, 
it can generally be divided into two or three layers, the tissue of which is developed 
differently ; the outer one, often nothing but the epidermis, is then called the Epicarp, 
and the inner one the Emlocarp. If another one lies between these, it is called the 
Mesocarp, or when it possesses a fleshy character, the Sarcocarp. 
Using the nomenclature which has now been described, we may classify all true 
fruits into two principal sections, and each of these again into subdivisions, according to 
whether the pericarp consists, when the fruit is ripe, of succulent fleshy layers or not, 
and whether the fruit dehisces in order to allow the escape of the seeds which become 
detached from the placentae, or not ; viz. 
A. Dry Fruits. Pericarp woody or tough and leathery, the cell-sap having 
disappeared from its cells. 
a. Dry Indehiscent Fruits. The pericarp does not split open, but encloses the 
seed till germination; the testa is thin and membranous, and but little 
developed. 
[a) One-seeded dry indehiscent fruits. 
1. The Nut or Glayis : the dry pericarp is thick and hard, and consists of 
lignified sclerenchymatous tissue; e.g. the Hazel-nut. 
2. The Carj/opsis or Acheninm: the dry pericarp is thin, tough, and 
leathery, in close contact with the seed, and separable or not from 
the testa; as the fruit of Compositae, Grasses, the Sweet-Chestnut. 
O) Bi- or multilocular dry indehiscent fruits. 
3. These are mostly Schizocarps splitting up into Mericarps, each of 
which resembles a nut or achenium ; e.g. Umbelliferae, Geraniaceae. 
When the mericarp is winged, as in Acer, it is called a Samara. 
b. Dry Dehiscent Fruits or Capsules in the more general sense. When the 
fruit is perfectly ripe, the pericarp bursts or splits to allow the escape of the 
seeds, which are themselves clothed with a strongly developed usually hard or 
tough testa. They generally contain more than one seed, 
(a) Capsules with longitudinal dehiscence : — 
4. The Follicle consists of a single carpel which splits along the ventral 
suture or coherent margins of the carpels which bear the seeds ; as 
in PcEonia, Aquilegia, and Illicium anisatum ; in Asclepias the thick 
placenta also becomes detached. 
5. The Legume consists also of a single carpel, which however splits not 
only along the ventral but also along the dorsal suture, and thus 
separates into two halves; P/6rtjfo/w/, 
