754 
GENERAL CONDITIONS OF PLANT-LIFE. 
of the fact that the chlorophyll (with the exceptions already named) does not assume 
its green colour in the dark but remains yellow, differences of form which are often 
very striking are exhibited by plants grown in the dark, and constitute the bleached 
or etiolated condition. The internodes of etiolated plants are in general much 
longer than those of plants of normal growth ; and the long narrow leaves of 
Monocotyledons are subject to the same change. On the other hand the leaves 
of Dicotyledons and Ferns usually (but not always) remain very small and do not 
completely outgrow their bud-condition, or exhibit peculiar abnormalities in their 
expansion. These peculiarities will be explained more in detail in Chap. IV. It is 
not necessary however to contrast etiolated plants with those of the normal green 
colour, in order to establish the influence of light on their growth. If plants of the 
same species are compared when grown in more or less deep shade with others 
grown in full daylight, these differences are still very conspicuous, varying ac- 
cording to the intensity of the light. Different species are however affected to 
a different extent by etiolation; the internodes of climbing plants, which are very 
long even under normal conditions, become much longer still in the dark; and 
some leaves of Dicotyledons, as for instance those of the Beet, become tolerably 
large under the same circumstances, while on the other hand the abnormally 
elongated internodes of etiolated potato-plants put out leaves of only a very small 
size ^. It is remarkable that etiolation, as I have already shown ^, does not extend to 
the flowers^. As long as sufficient quantities of assimilated material have been 
previously accumulated, or are produced by green leaves exposed to the light, flowers 
are developed even in continuous deep darkness which are of normal size, form, 
and colour, with perfect pollen and fertile ovules, ripening their fruits and producing 
seeds capable of germination. The calyx however, which is ordinarily green, 
remains yellow or colourless. In order to observe this it is only necessary to 
allow tulip-bulbs, the rhizomes of Iris, or the like planted in a pot, to put up shoots 
in complete darkness, when perfectly normal flowers are obtained with completely 
etiolated leaves. Or a growing bud on a stem of Cucurbila, TropcBolum, Ipomcea, 
&c., with several leaves, is made to pass through a small hole into a dark box, 
the leaves which remain outside being exposed to as strong light as possible. 
The bud developes in the dark a long colourless shoot with small yellow leaves and 
a number of flowers, which, except in the colour of the calyx, are in every respect 
normal The extremely singular appearance of these abnormal shoots with normal 
flowers shows in a striking manner the difference in the influence of light on the 
growth of different organs of the same plant. 
^ [For a discussion of Etiolation, see Godlewski, Zur Kenntniss der Ursachen der Formänderung 
etiolirter Pflanzen, Bot. Zeitg. 1879, where the literature of the subject is quoted.] 
^ Sachs, in Bot. Zeitg. 1863, Supplement; and 1865, p. 117. 
2 [An exception to this rule is afforded by the coloured kinds of lilac which are forced during 
the months of February and March by the market-gardeners of Paris, at a temperature of from 
33° to 35° C, and in almost complete darkness. The flowers expanded under these conditions 
are completely white. See Duchartre, Journ. de la Soc. Imp. et cent, d'hort. de France, i860, 
pp. 272-280. 
* Sometimes however abnormal flowers appear in the dark as well as the normal ones. See 
Sachs, Exp.-Phys. p. 35. 
