130 
FRANCIS RAMALEY 
zones from plains to alpine heights. The various genera of Cyperaceae are 
considered in order, but chief attention is given to Carex. Brief statement 
is made of the association types in which Carices are prominent. The 
several associations belonging to these types are characterized as to ecolog- 
ical relations and floristic composition. Some of the subject headings are: 
Half Submersed Carex Association Type, Sedge Moor Association Type, 
Snow-Patch Association, Meadow Association^Type, Xerophytic Carex 
Grassland Association Type. 
It is pointed out that most sedges belong to early stages of succession 
in the vegetation of a region, some being prominent in the hydrarch and 
some in the xerarch sequence. As mesophytism is approached from either 
direction other species may become prominent for a time, but these are 
displaced by grasses and dicotyledons in the ultimate climatic association. 
A list is given of 44 species of Carex, of which 20 are classed as water 
and marsh plants, 9 as species of meadow or other mesophytic situation, 
15 as species of xerophytic habitats. 
University of Colorado, 
Boulder, Colorado 
LITERATURE CITED 
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1904. 
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Nat. Mus. 54: 59-87. 1917. 
3. Nichols, G. E. The interpretation and application of certain terms and concepts 
in the ecological classification of plant communities. Plant World 20: 305-319 and 
341-353. 1917. 
4. Ramaley, Francis. Remarks on some northern Colorado plant communities with 
special reference to Boulder Park, Tolland, Colorado. Univ. Colo. Studies 7: 223- 
236. 1910. 
5. Dry grassland of a high mountain park in northern Colorado. Plant World 19: 
249-270. 1916. 
6. Soil moisture index. Bot. Gaz. 58: 377-379. 191 7- 
7. and Robbins, W. W. Studies in lake and streamside vegetation, Redrock Lake 
near Ward, Colorado. Univ. Colo. Studies 6: 133-168. .1909. 
8. Reed, E. L. Meadow vegetation in the montane region of northern Colorado. Bull. 
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9. Robbins, W. W. Successions of vegetation in Boulder Park, Colorado. Bot. Gaz. 
55:493-525- 1918. 
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1917. 
