[ ^2 ] 
parts of the World, with the exception of Australia, Polynesia 
and Madagascar. They have strong and wedge-shaped bills 
the tip of which is chisel-like, and powerful muscles of the 
neck to enable them to cut away the bark of trees when look- 
ing for insects. Their tongue is long and worm-like, sticky at 
the end, supported by remarkably developed tongue-bones and 
muscles so that the tongue can be shot out and withdrawn at 
will The brightest coloured Malay woodpecker is perhaps 
Hume's Yellow-naped Woodpecker {Chrysophkgma himii), 
olive green above, with red wings and a yellow crest. Some of 
the largest species are the Great Slaty Woodpecker, Belatok 
besar {Hemihphus puheruleutus) and the Malay Black Wood- 
pecker or Belatok punggur (Thnpouax javensis), black, with a 
red crest ; one of the smallest species is the Burmese Pigmy 
Woodpecker {Lyngipkm amkupiUus), olive brown, with nume- 
rous white transverse bars. 
The Hornbills are without doubt the most extraordinary 
looking of all birds, their enormous beaks, generally sur- 
mounted by large curiously shaped casques, giving them a 
ludricrous top-heavy appearance. However, their clumsiness 
is more apparent than real, as with one exception the bill and 
casque consist internally merely of a cellular bony tissue^ 
They range over Africa, India, Malaya. Celebes and New 
Guinea as far as the Solomon islands. One group, the Ground 
Hornbills, is restricted to Africa; a second group, the 
Solid-casqued Hornbills, is found in Malaya only, whilst a third 
group, the Hollow-billed Hornbills, which comprises by far the 
most species, ranges over all the countries mentioned above. 
The second and the third groups are arboreal. 
To begin with the last group; the most common species 
is the Rhinoceros Hornbill or Enggang {Bticeros rhinoceros) 
which has its po])ular name from its curiously shaped casque 
which is turned up in front (see pi. XI, fig. 2j, In the Two- 
horned Hornbill {Dichoceros biconiis) which is the largest of all 
Hornbills, the casque has a more or less flat and oblong plat- 
form on top, ending in front in two obtuse corners. In the 
Wrinkled-casqued Hornbill {Cranorhinus corrugatus) and the 
Malay Wreathed Hornbill [Rhyiidocems Hndukitus), bill and 
casque are corrugated at their base. 
Of the Solid-billed Hornbills there is only a single species, 
theB. tebang mertua or B. tebang rumah mentuwa (^/)fw/?/"/f/jr 
vigil). This bird is much sought after by the Chinese, as the sub- 
stance of its solid beak and casque resembles ivory in consist- 
ency and can similarly be carved. This Hornbill is also 
