AMPHIBIANS 
The Amphibians, though in common parlance often 
classed with the Reptiles, differ from them in several characters, 
the two most striking ones being that their young ones, called 
* tadpoles/ live in water and breathe by means of gills, and that, 
when adult, they have generally a smooth and clammy skin, in 
contrast to the scaled skin of the Reptiles. They consist of 
three orders : 
(1) the tailless forms : the Frogs and Toads; 
(2) the tailed forms : the Newts and Salamanders ; 
(3) the limbless forms: the Coecilians. 
Frogs and Toads are distinguished by the complete 
absence of the tail in the full-grown animal and by the hind 
limbs being more or less elongated. Their front Umbs have four 
and their hind Umbs five toes. They differ from each other 
chiefly in the structure of the breast bone, but, at least in the 
more typical cases, Frogs can be recognized by their smooth 
skin and long hind legs, Toads by their warty skin and less 
elongated hind legs. 
The two most common Singapore Frogs (Malay name 
' Kodok ' or ' Katak ') are a brown species, often having a yellow 
line along the middle of its back, the Rana limnocharis; and a 
bright green species, -Rana erythraea. Both are of medium sise 
only. A much larger creature is the Rana macrodm, sometimes 
of an intense brick red colour, sometimes bronze, or even only 
olive brown and greenish. Specimens measuring 6 inches from 
snout to vent are not uncommon, but a monster measuring not 
less than g% inches, probably one of the largest specimens ever 
recorded, was obtained by Mr. A. D. Machado at Selinsings 
Pahangr in 1899, and presented by htm to the Museum. 
Almost classical has become the * Flying Frog * from 
Borneo which Wallace described forty years ago in his ' Malay 
Archipelago.' It probably was Rhacophorus pardalis. The 
numerous species belonging to the genus Rhacophorus differ 
from the other frogs so far considered, not only by the toes, but 
also by the fingers being webbed, and by the tips of fingers and 
