PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF MANOA VALLEY, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 569 
4. The Summit Regions, a. Xerophytic Summits; 9,000-14,000 
feet; high mountains of Maui and Hawaii. 
h. Hygrophytic Summits; 4,000-6,000 feet; peaks rising into 
the cloud zone, Kauai, Waianae, East Molokai, West Maui, 
Kohala. 
2. ECOLOGIC ZONES OF MANOA 
The main ecologic zones in Manoa Valley are : 
1. The Valley Floor: 
a. The Lower Floor (near portal). 
b. The Upper Floor (near head). 
2. Manoa Stream and its Tributaries. 
3. The Talus Zone. 
4. The Valley Walls or Lateral Ridges: 
a. The East or Manoa-Palolo Ridge, 
1. Foothill. 
2. Transition region. 
3. Mountainward region. 
b. The West or Mt. Tantalus Ridge, 
1. Foothill (Roundtop). 
2. Transition region. 
3. Mountainward region. 
5. The Kukui Zone, Ravines, and Precipices. 
6. The Zone of Koa and Lehua. 
7. The Hanging Valleys; Rain Forest. 
8. Summit Ridges and Peaks: 
a. Olympus. 
b. Kona-hua-nui. 
Topographic, edaphic, climatic, and biotic factors differentiate 
more or less clearly these zones from one another. On the basis of 
water, the grouping would be, as numbered above: 
Hydrophytic. . .2. Mesophytic ^<^, 3- 
Hygrophytic. . . ib, 4023, 4^23, 5, 6, 7, 8. Xerophytic ic^, 3, 4^1, 4^1. 
On the basis of elevation: 
Above 2,000 ft 8a and b. 
Between 1,000-3,000 7. Between 1,200-1,700 402, 462. 
1,000-1,400 6. 1,000-2,000 403, 4&3. 
300-1,000 5. 100- 300 3. 
50-1,000 4ai, 4&1. 50- 300 1,2. 
