572 
VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY 
Schott) was the principal crop, and was raised in small irrigated fields 
or loi. The water from these fields was skilfully diverted from Manoa 
stream by a primitive but highly efficient system of ditches. An area 
equivalent to several square miles was occupied by the kalo fields. 
Much of this kalo land is in cultivation today, although the industry 
has passed largely into the hands of Orientals. 
Fig. 6. Opuntia megacantha, a dominant xerophyte of the Manoa lower valley 
floor and foot hills. 
Other crops raised by the primitive Hawaiians, and continuing 
today in small patches here and there, are 
Sweet potato Uala Ipomoea Batatas 
Native banana Maia Musa sapientum 
Sugar cane Ko Saccharum officinarum 
Mention may be made of the eleven avian species that are dis- 
tinctive of the valley floor and walls. Six of the introduced species 
are common and of considerable phytogeographic significance, as 
they are abundant carriers of weed seeds and fruits. 
