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VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY 
the 300- and i,ooo-ft. contour lines. Along its lower fringe or level 
the kuktii gives way to various species of woody or shrubby plants, 
conspicuous among which are: Psidium Guayava, Lantana Camara, 
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Eugenia Malaccensis, Cordyline terminalis, 
Verbena Bonariensis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pandanus odoratissimus, Melia 
Azedarach, Cassia spp., Leucaena glauca, Bambusa, etc. Along its 
upper border or level it is more or less abruptly replaced by such forms 
as Acacia Koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Ilex Sandwicensis , Pelea spp., 
Pittosporum spp., Cheirodendron Gatidichaudii, and other rain-forest 
forms. 
Fig. II. In a Manoa hau {Hibiscus tiliaceus) jungle. The foliage canopy is thirty 
feet above the men. 
Along the lateral walls of Manoa the kukui extends seaward until 
it reaches a point whereat the increasing xerophytism, and the devasta- 
tions of wild goats and other pests, have inhibited its growth. There 
is ample evidence that in early times the kukui forests of Manoa 
extended much further seaward along the walls and floor of the valley 
than they do at present. There has been extensive encroachment by 
man and his live-stock upon all the native forests. 
The kukui is a moisture-loving tree and in Manoa reaches its 
finest development in the little vales or alcoves which furrow the 
