602 
VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY 
Endemic 198 Introduced since advent of Euro- 
Indigenous 37 peans 3 
Introduced by primitive Hawaiians . 2 Pteridophytes 93 
Endemic Vegetation of the Rain-Forest 
Common 
Frequent 
Rare 
Trees 18 
19 
13 
Shrubs 26 
26 
12 
Herbaceous-perennials and herbs 2 
5 
4 
(11 spp. Peperomia, abundance uncertain) 
Pteridophytes 12 
21 
32 
25. BIRDS OF THE MANOA RAIN-FOREST 
All Endemic 
Group I. Species that Have Become Extinct within Historic Times 
Oahu Thrush, Phaeornis Oahuensis Wilson. 
Oahu Akialoa, Hemignathus Ellisianus Gray. 
Oahu Akiapolaau, Heterorhynchus lucidus Lichenst. 
Oahu Akepeuie, Loxops rufa Bloxam; on verge of extinction. 
Oahu Ou, Psittirostra olivacea Rothsch. 
Oahu 0-0, Moho apicaulis Gould. 
Group II. Species that are Present, in Small Numbers, at the Present Time 
Oahu Elepaio, Chasiempis Gayi Wilson. 
Oahu Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis chloris Cabanis. 
Oahu Creeper, Oreomyza maculata Cabanis. 
liwi, Vestaria coccinea Forster. 
Akakani, Himatione sanguinea Gmelin. 
26. ORIGIN OF THE ENDEMIC FLORA 
One of the most interesting problems connected with a study of 
the Manoa phytogeography is that of the origin of the large endemic 
flora, particularly that of the rain-forest. Shreve's excellent state- 
ment^ is worthy of quotation at length : 
"There is no type of vegetation in which may be found a wider 
diversity of life forms than exist side by side or one above the other 
in a tropical montane forest. Together with the structural diversities, 
discoverable in the field or at the microscope, are diversities of physi- 
ological behavior, discoverable by observation or experiment, and 
sometimes correlated with the structural features. There are quite 
as high degrees of specialization to be found in the rain-forest as may 
be sought in the desert. The prolonged occurrence of rain, fog, and 
2 Loc. cit., pp. 109-10. 
