NO. 1 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA 95 
of an improved form of maize, and by the addition of warty squash, 
sweet manioc, and avocados to the list of cultivated food plants. This 
made possible dedication to the supernatural of priests and specialists, 
who oversaw and constructed temples, and planned and executed the 
painted reliefs in clay that decorated them. It would seem reasonable 
to look forward to the identification of a comparable state of de- 
veloping ''highland efficiency" as a precondition for the full develop- 
ment of highland Chavin and the cultures of the major highland ba- 
sins. 
The distribution of Chavin style, especially in pottery, has been 
notably extended in recent years, particularly in the highlands and to 
the south. Elements of Chavin art are present in early Paracas pot- 
tery. We have little direct information on this interesting development 
in the Nazca district of the south coast, but clearly the beginnings of 
the southern polychrome tradition were developing here prior to the 
extinction of full Chavin style in the north. What may have happened 
is that elements of Chavin style in Paracas diffused southward, affect- 
ing the locally developing polychrome tradition in a region in which 
we believe the painting of pottery to have begun in Peru. Later, this 
technique, including the specialized one of resist dye (negative 
painting) spread to the north. Just when the Chavin elements reached 
the south coast is not clear, but on the basis of present evidence it 
must have been very late in the history of Chavin art, and possibly, 
in a technical sense, in the succeeding cultural stage. 
In the highlands, through the recent work of Lumbreras (1960b) 
and others (Flores Espinoza, 1960; Casafranca, 1960), Chavin pot- 
tery and presumably Chavin religious ideas are known as far south as 
the Ayacucho region. 
South of Ayacucho, there was a relatively long period of ceramic his- 
tory paralleling that of the Chavin styles to the north, but apparently 
uninfluenced by them. At Qaluyu in the Province of Puno north of 
Lake Titicaca, pottery painted in dark brown on white in simple 
geometric patterns has been found associated with brown ware dec- 
orated by wide grooving or trailing in curvilinear patterns. These have 
been carbon-14 dated at between 1000 B.C. and about 600 B.C. Early 
wares at Chanapata in the Cuzco region, and from the lower levels at 
Chiripa on the Bolivian shore of Lake Titicaca, dating back to about 
800 B.C., also show no Chavin influence. 
Regional States Formative (300 B.C. to a.d. 200). — This stage 
marks the transition from Chavin to fully matured Peruvian civiliza- 
tion. It is a time of expanding technology, especially in the irrigation 
of the coastal valleys. In the present state of knowledge, the stage 
