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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 146 
has more meaning for the coast than for the highlands, where little 
irrigation seems to have been practiced, at least in comparison to the 
coast where it was essential to full land use. On the north coast, in 
the Viru and Chicama Valleys, there was a further expansion up-valley 
almost certainly associated with canal irrigation, although physical 
evidence for this is much obscured by later developments. Agricul- 
tural development was paralleled by other technological experiment- 
ing ; pottery began to be painted in white-on-red on the northern and 
central coasts, and in polychrome on the south coast. The kidney bean 
is a important added source of protein. Copper appears for the first 
time, gold having been used to a small extent earlier in Chavin. This 
is a period of expansion of all systems of culture, reaching an apogee 
in the succeeding florescent stage. It lacks artistic evidence of a per- 
vasive religious force so apparent in the Chavin horizon, but there 
are large pyramid platform mounds that must have supported temples. 
Settlement patterns in Viru Valley (Willey, 1953) indicate a change 
from the older "scattered house" village pattern to a more concen- 
trated arrangement of conjoined rooms or house units, still small in 
comparison to later towns, but foreshadowing them. 
In the highlands, very little is known about this stage. At Chiripa 
(Bennett, 1936), a circular village of 15 contiguous houses dates 
from about 300 B.C. Charred remains of tubers, quinoa grain, and fish 
bones reflect a mixed agricultural and fishing economy. Simple white- 
on-red pottery may be related to early experimental white-on-red wares 
of the coast. So far, no specialized religious structures have been 
found associated with Chiripa Culture, nor with the Chanapata Cul- 
ture (Rowe, 1944), which seems also to fall in this stage. Recent ex- 
cavations by the Bolivian government, under the direction of Carlos 
Ponce Sangines, are reported to have identified two new phases un- 
derlying Bennett's Early Tiahuanaco (Bennett, 1934). These are ap- 
parently not to be fully equated with Chiripa, but may well prove to 
belong to a formative stage leading to the florescence of Tiahuanaco. 
Regional States Florescent (a.d. 200 to 600). — Accurate dating of 
the second culture climax of Peruvian history is diflicult, but by about 
a.d. 200 the full agricultural potential of the coast had been reached 
and Classic Tiahuanaco was probably at its peak in the Titicaca 
Basin. Again, there is a serious imbalance between knowledge of 
coast and highland, for little is known of the highland cultures of the 
north except local pottery styles, such as Recuay. The exact nature of 
the great site of Tiahuanaco itself is still uncertain, although on the 
basis of its size and the presence of refuse over large areas it could 
well have been, if not a city, a very large town. Highland populations, 
