98 
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 146 
northern coasts. High-walled compounds of houses and rooms were 
constructed, and the populations of the valleys began to live in true 
cities. Whether this concentration was for the purpose of making 
more land available for cultivation or for easier control of the masses 
may never be known. Defense must also have been a consideration. It 
is thought, however, that such centers were of two kinds — "urban 
elite" and "urban lay" (Schaedel, 1951), the latter lacking the reli- 
gious buildings and palaces reserved for the upper classes. We esti- 
mate, admittedly without any statistical evidence, that the ultimate 
effect of coastal urbanism was to decrease the active farming popu- 
lation by 8 to 10 percent, with a nonf arming population as high as 
50 percent in large towns. 
Wari style in its early, unadulterated version, replete with easily 
recognizable Tiahuanaco elements in pottery and textiles, does not 
seem to have endured long. There are few reliable dates against which 
to measure the breakdown of the original Tiahuanaco conventions 
into geometric and often very carelessly rendered designs. These 
changes have been intensively studied by several specialists, without 
complete agreement, but probably by a.d. 1000 all trace of definite, 
depictive Tiahuanaco stylistic influence had disappeared. 
New Kingdoms and Empire (a.d. 1000 to 1532). — The last few 
centuries of Peruvian pre-Conquest history are known about as much 
from early Spanish accounts as they are from archeology (see Rowe, 
1944, 1946). Many of the great urban centers, such as Chanchan, 
capital of the Chimu Kingdom on the north coast, attest a further de- 
velopment of urban living and continuing strongly stratified society. 
In that area there is a resurgence of Mochica shapes and themes in 
pottery, which, excepting for large storage jars, is nearly 100 percent 
mold-made black ware (Collier, 1955). This probably reflects a re- 
tention of old traditions in the far north of Peru, beyond the influ- 
ence of Wari. The Chimu Kingdom extended its power to the central 
coast, where other lesser but still powerful kingdoms controlled the 
valleys. Over the whole area, and in Cuzco as well during the rule of 
the Inca Dynasty, all sorts of industries, especially that of pottery, 
show signs of mass production and lack of careful, individual 
craftsmanship. Luxury goods were turned out in great quantities. 
Metallurgy was at its technical peak in the casting of bronze, not 
known prior to this time, and in gilding. The coast was rich, appar- 
ently fairly stable politically, with strong local rulers and distinctive 
regional styles. In the highlands generally, and in the Titicaca Basin 
in particular, a marked degeneration in the quality of pottery after the 
decline of Tiahuanaco may possibly be the result of much jockeying 
for power and of warfare. 
