NO. 1 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA 
125 
ern phase," is typified by polished stone axes, bone tools, shell orna- 
ments, and burials. This recent complex is exemplified at Ilha dos 
Ratos, Parana State, carbon-14 dated at 1540 it 150 years (fig. 16). 
The older phase is characterized by the Maratua component, near San- 
tos, State of Sao Paulo, carbon-14 dated at 7803 ± 1300 years. 
The three stages or phases Orssich recognizes in the Araujo 
II Component on the Parana Coast can be correlated with the 
Ilha dos Ratos finds and also with the southern phase of Serra- 
no's classification: a complex characterized by polished stone axes, 
bone tools, shell ornaments, and burials. Bigarella (1954), after an 
inventory of 44 sambaquis from the Santa Catarina coast, reported 
similar results. 
The third type of preceramic site is composed of inland sites in 
Sao Paulo and the other southern States. Unfortunately, we have little 
information about these sites. Stone arrow points, axes, scrapers, 
and other well-known museum materials come principally from the 
States of Sao Paulo and Parana. We have collections of material sup- 
posedly of Paleo-Indian origin, but we cannot be sure of the pro- 
venience. Such is the case of the famous Gualter Martins' collections, 
bought by the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro. According to Pe- 
reira de Godoi (1946), such material comes from the area of Rio 
Claro, State of Sao Paulo, but we have tried to trace its provenience 
without much result. The work of Laming and Emperaire (1959), 
Tirburtius et al. (1951), Schmitz (1959), and Rohr (1959) makes it 
clear that we can assign the inland sites of south Brazil to an early 
cultural phase, characterized by the absence of pottery and by the 
presence of polished stone axes, choppers, scrapers, and certain kinds 
of stone arrowheads, bone awls and needles. Carbon-14 dates from 
the Jose Vieira site indicate that this lithic complex appeared about 
6,500 years ago and persisted into the ceramic horizon (Laming, 
1959). 
The ceramic horizon has been investigated more extensively, most 
of the work dealing with the so-called Tupi-guarani complex of Pa- 
rana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. This horizon can be 
related to the southern sambaqui component, since Tupi-guarani pot- 
tery has been reported from the top levels of many sites (Krone, 
1914; Bigarella et al., 1954; Serrano, 1946). We do not know yet 
how early the Tupi-guarani occupation of the southern sambaquis can 
be dated, but it has been estimated as far back as 1,000 years. The 
pottery, characterized by corrugated and polychrome wares, survived 
up to historic times. Comparison of surface collections from Sao 
Paulo and Parana sites suggests that those in Parana are older ( Silva, 
