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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 146 
1962). It is possible therefore that the complex diffused up the Pa- 
rana River and its tributaries from Parana State toward Sao Paulo 
State and the coast. 
Another ceramic tradition has been described from Santa Catarina 
Island (Schmitz, 1959) and Joinville (Tiburtius et al., 1951), both 
sites in Santa Catarina State. Similar material has been reported on the 
Sao Paulo coast. Most characteristic is a punctate decoration, which 
generally is absent in Tupi-guarani sites. Willey (1949, p. 188) be- 
lieves that the punctate and the incised traditions are closely related to 
pottery of the Pampas and Patagonia, and represent "the old ceramic 
hearth of the Parana drainage and the south." Nevertheless, a similar 
tradition is found in British Guiana in the Mabaruma and Taruma 
Phases (Evans and Meggers, 1960). Until carbon-14 dates are avail- 
able for the south Brazilian sites, it seems preferable to avoid hy- 
potheses about direction of migration. 
Although archeological data are still inadequate for reliable con- 
clusions, the following tentative cultural sequence can be suggested 
for southern Brazil : 
1. An early preceramic horizon, beginning about 10,000 years ago, 
represented by the old levels of Lagoa Santa caves and certain samba- 
qui sites such as Maratua near Santos. 
2. A second preceramic horizon, beginning about 6,000 years ago, 
represented by the oldest levels of Jose Vieira, Parana State, and in- 
cluding some Lagoa Santa sites and certain sambaquis of Serrano's 
southern phase. 
3. A third preceramic horizon, beginning 2,000 to 1,500 years ago, 
represented by the recent sambaquis of Parana, Santa Catarina, and 
Rio Grande do Sul, as well as some inland occupations such as the 
intermediate levels of Jose Vieira site. 
4. A ceramic horizon, beginning about 1,200 years ago, including 
the older Tupi-guarani sites of Parana State. 
5. A more recent ceramic horizon, perhaps beginning around 800 
years ago, represented by the Tupi-guarani sites of Sao Paulo State. 
6. The European contact horizon. 
During this long period of time, spanning some 10,000 years, rela- 
tively little change appears to have occurred in the general cultural 
pattern. Wild-food resources were apparently sufficiently abundant 
and reliable to provide a steady source of subsistence, and along the 
coast at least, to support a relatively sedentary mode of life. The ma- 
jor innovation — the introduction of pottery making — did not disturb 
this adjustment. If agriculture was introduced at the same time, it was 
a form that favored continuation of the previously existing settlement 
