29 
reefs, alternating with volcanic discharges from the secondary 
craters. 
Some have supposed that the fresh waters w^ere retained in 
place by dams of coral or sediment near the shore line. It is 
not necessary that such obstructions shall exist, as the under- 
ground like the surface streams push against the salt water as 
if it were a wall. If the pressure of the brine exceeds the 
downward current of the fresh waters the two will commingle. 
Occasionally the salt replaces the fresh water so that the well is 
worthless, and in other instances strenuous pumping will develop 
more of the salt. In other instances the fresh water escapes in 
springs near the coast or at some distance out to sea. 
The artesian wells of the Atlantic coast come from w^ater- 
bearing strata in the Tertiary or cretaceous rocks in material 
analogous to that pierced by the wells in Oahu. Long Island is 
a region where the water supply has been thoroughly investi- 
gated. The city of Brooklyn is supplied with water furnished 
l3y both surface and artesian wells sunk in porous strata. Like 
ours the artesian supply rises to about 30 feet above the sea. 
The deepest wells are about 700 feet deep and the water is derived 
entirely from the rainfall. There is an underground current 
stronger than that near the surface and salt water deteriorates 
the supply when near the shore line or when the pumps are used 
excessively. The lowest rock foundation consists of crystalline 
rock, mud like our basalts, which do not yield water. 
Hence by accepting the doctrine of the derivation of our ar- 
tesian waters from beneath the unconsolidated Tertiary sedi- 
ments, we can be in accord with the well established belief in the 
origin of the streams from similar rocks elsewhere, and may 
perhaps be warned against unnecessary expense in exploiting un- 
])romising territory. The Island of Hawaii seems to be very 
like the original Oahu in that it is elevated and lacks the coral 
reefs and that may explain the poor success of borings there for 
flowing wells. 
MAGAZINE ANNOUNCEMENT. 
A new departure in the C*onservation Field is the decision of the 
National Conservation Association to publish a monthly illustrated 
magazine as its official bulletin. The title of the magazine will be 
''AMERICAN CONSERVATION." It will make its first appearance 
February 1, 1911. 
Since Conservation has become a great National issue, there has 
been wide demand for a magazine covering the broad range of the 
(Conservation movement and so conducted as to keep the thousands of 
individuals who are interested in the subject informed, authoritatively, 
as t'o our natural resources, what is being done with them and w^iat 
ought to be done with them, and of Conservation activities in general 
in America and other parts of the world. 
''American Conservation" is to be devoted to just that purpose. It 
will be popular in style and profusely illustrated. It will present 
