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grades — expression through the thing, as well as through the lan- 
guage — symbol. "Art Expression in the Primary Grades," 
formed the central theme of a presentation by Miss Jessie Shaw. 
To quote Kirby: "Our public school art education has a peculiar 
significance as a medium for a liberal education, since it has for 
its prime aim the training of the senses and the co-ordination of 
the potential but very discordant faculties of the child ^ ^ 
efficiency and fitness for life's work are primarily dependent upon 
the harmonious working of the motor and sensory centers of the 
human machine." 
Athletic sports and pastimes form an important factor in the 
development of the boy and girl in the upper grades. This state- 
ment was fully elucidated by Principal C. T. Fitts, of Punahou 
Preparatory School, who made a strong plea for the recognition 
of athletics in the grammar grades, for the cooperation of teachers 
and principals, and for a thorough systematization of efifort. The 
good work of the Grammar School League of Honolulu is well 
known. Those who are interested in this subject will find a very 
helpful article in the Proceedings of the N. E. A. for 1909, by 
Chadsey, entitled "The Proper Relation of Organized Sports on 
Public Playgrounds and in Public Schools." 
At a sectional meeting I^Iiss Ida Ziegler, of the Normal School, 
had charge of a section on "Teaching of Arithmetic in Grammar 
Grades." She dealt with the most effective methods of outlining 
work, presenting ])rol)lems, and for developing mathematical in- 
dependence on the ])art of the pupil. 
Several noteworthy papers dealing with natural science sub- 
jects were presented ai: various meetings. Mr. Bairos, of the 
Department of Natural Science of the McKinley High School, 
addressed the association on "The School as Related to Civic 
Health Problems." He elucidated the numerous relationships be- 
tween natural science teaching in the public schools and the 
problems of community health that continually force themselves 
upon the city. The mosquito campaign and the various prevalent 
bacterial diseases afforded him timely and graphic illustrations 
for the main points of his argument. 
"Methods of Teaching Geography," were given detailed atten- 
tion by Miss Ruth Shaw, in charge of that work at the Normal 
School. She gave special attention to the use of types, that is, 
the detailed study of typical regions, political divisions, industries, 
etc., and the use of these in illustrating other similar groups. 
An address upon "Natural Science Teaching in the Public 
Schools" was given by Mr. Vaughan IMacCaughev, of the Col- 
lege of Hawaii. He dwelt especiall}^ upon the child's right to a 
knowledge of the commion things of his environment. Natural 
science teaching no longer needs to excuse itself, it has a legiti- 
mate place in the curriculum. The importance of first hand con- 
tact with the subject matter, through laboratory exercises and field 
excursions; was discussed. 
