240 
obtaining too big an allowance for decayed fruit was to make 
the estimates for rot on the samples displayed for sale. Almost 
^-.ny disinterested person would say that this was fair, but the 
importers protested wildly and vehemently. The Treasury De- 
partment, however, thought mere noise no argument, and the 
amount of money collected has increased. 
The fact is, the tiller of the soil will have to be considered when 
it comes to fixing up a list of producers who must have a fair 
share of protection. Legislation by Congress should be for the 
benefit of the people Congress represents, and not for the benefit 
of Sicily, Japan, Mexico, Spain, or any other country. 
One reason why many men, after retiring from business under- 
take orange and lemon culture is the romantic interest attaching 
to it in a land where winter is unknown. But they need some 
profit to keep them interested in their work. Unless the efforts 
of the importers to cripple the industry in California shall suc- 
ceed, the orange and lemon groves of that State will prove to be 
among the most interesting things the visitors to the 1915 Pan- 
ama Exposition in San Diego and San Francisco will see. 
SCHOOL GARDENING IN HAWAII AS RELATED TO 
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 
Vaughan MacCaughey, the College of Hawaii. 
(Read at the Convention of the National Education Association, 
San Francisco, 1911.) 
The general nature of school-garden work in Hawaii has been 
stated in a paper published in the Southern Workman, July, 
1910, and later reprinted as a bulletin of the College of Hawaii. 
The present discussion will be confined to the particular relation- 
ships, in Hawaii, between school-gardening and agricultural edu- 
cation in general. 
In order to understand the educational situation in Hawaii, 
with reference to school-gardens, one must know the general con- 
ditions of life. The population of Hawaii consists, approximate- 
ly, of 35,000 Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians ; 27,000 Latins, 
chiefly Portuguese; 95,000 Orientals, chiefly Japanese; and 
12,000 Teutons, chiefly Americans and English. The natives have 
been farmers and fisher-folk since the dawn of their history. 
Indeed, the nature of their island world was such that there were 
no other means of livelihood. Their food supply came almost 
Vv^holly from the fertile lowlands that engirdle the islands, and 
from the bounteous ocean. ''The limited area of the islands 
restricted nomadism ; the entire lack of large game cut ofif hunt- 
ing; and the absence of grazing domestic animals prevented pas- 
toral life." The Hawaiian was compelled, perforce, to accept a 
staple, agricultural existence. 
The Americans and English have been the exploiters, devcl- 
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