287 
pensive apparatus nor exhaustive preparation. The student should 
examine an abundance of Hving- material, which can be secured at 
all times. 
I. STUDIES OF THE PLANT AS A WHOLE. 
* 1. The plant a living organism. 
2. Protoplasm and the structure of the cell. 
3. Relations to environment — light, moisture, heat, food, etc. 
4. Plant associations — hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes, 
halophytes ; arctic, tropic and temperate conditions. 
5. The flora of Hawaii, and of the Pacific islands. 
* 6. Man's control of the plant world — cultivated plants ; 
forests ; seaweeds ; bacteria, etc. 
• IL STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 
1. Form of seeds; coats; explanation of markings on seed. 
* 2. Internal structure of seed — cotyledons, plumule, hypo- 
cotyl. Cotyledons as foHage leaves. 
* 3. Position of stored food ; tests for food material ; enzymes. 
4. Early stages of seedling to show changes in parts of 
embryo. Method of breaking through the soil. 
5. Later stages of seedlings. 
6. Work of government nurseries ; Arbor Day. 
7. Comparisons of structures and development of monocot., 
dicot., and polycot. seeds. 
8. Germination and growth of seedlings as affected by mois- 
ture, temperature, air. Gases given off by seeds. 
9. Uses of seeds. 
"^10. Seed testing; selective planting. 
HI. STUDIES OF ROOTS. 
1. Kinds of roots — fibrous, fleshy, tap, etc. 
* 2. Internal structure — central cylinder, cortex, epidermis, 
root-hairs ; functions of each part. The root-cap. 
3. Origin of secondary roots ; adventitious roots. 
* 4. Functions of roots — food, water, anchorage. Prop-roots, 
holdfasts. 
5. Storage of food in roots. Parasitic roots. 
6. Region of rapid growth ; osmosis ; relation to gravity. 
^ 7. The soil solution ; irrigation and drainage ; fertilizers. 
8. Nitrogen in the soil ; relation to bacteria. 
9. Plants as rock-disintegrators and soil-makers. 
*10. Roots of economic imiportance. 
IV. STUDIES OF STEMS AND BUDS. 
* 1. External characteristics of stems — bark ; leaf-scars ; nodes 
and internodes ; lenticels ; other markings. 
2. Internal structure — location, description and function of 
pith, wood, medullary rays, cambium, bast, cortex, epidermis. 
