288 
3. Pruning ; grafting ; cuttings. 
4. The monocot. stem — rind, pith, bundles. 
5. Course of sap through the stem. 
6. Speciahzed stem-types — rhizome, bulb, tuber, tendril, 
thorn, trunk, etc. 
7. Adaptations of stem to environment — relation to sunlight, 
etc. 
8. Relations of buds to branches, to leaves, to general form 
of plant. 
9. Structure of bud — leaf-buds, flower-buds, etc. 
10. Protection of bud — from cold, from drying. 
11. Time of bud-formation; of bud-opening. 
12. Storage of food in bud. 
*13. Forestry — on mainland; in Hawaii. 
14. Economic value of trees — as timber ; as water-sheds. » 
15. "Conservation" and its significance. 
v. STUDIES OF LEAVES. 
1. General structure and parts — blade, petiole, stipules; 
venation ; simple and compound forms. 
* 2. Functions — photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, as- 
similation. The zvork of chlorophyll. 
3. Epidermis and stofata ; air-chambers ; mesophyll ; bun- 
dles. 
* 4. Arrangements of leaves. The light relation. 
5. Modifications and special adaptations of leaves. 
6. Response of leaves to special stimuli — touch. 
7. The sun the final source of energy. 
8. Ornamental value of trees, bushes, vines, lawn. 
9. Grass and herbivorous animals. 
VI. STUDIES OF FLOWERS AND FRUITS. 
1. Structures and functions of parts of flower — ex. hibiscus. 
* 2. Pistil and ovules — location, structure. 
3. Stamens and pollen — location, structure. 
4. Protection of pollen ; cross-pollination — wind, water, in- 
sects. 
5. Germination of pollen ; fertilization ; development of 
ovule into seed. 
6. Types of inflorescence. 
* 7. Identification of common flowering plants. 
8. Flower gardens ; cut-flowers ; leis. 
* 9. Origin of fruit from flower. 
10. Functions of fruit; distinctions between seeds and fruits. 
"^11. Types of fruits — external and internal structures ; dry and 
fresh fruits ; pomes ; citrus fruits. 
12. Adaptations for seed dispersal. 
*13. Struggle for existence. 
14. Plant breeding. 
15. Economic value of fruits. 
