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cars. Four associations with packs running from 2,000 to 8,000 
barrels per year pay 10 cents per barrel to the manager. In the 
case of the larger associations this was not enough to hold a good 
man, and the rate this year has been raised to 15 cents per bdrrel, 
with the manager paying the bookkeeping expenses out of his 
own earnings. Two other associations, with packs of 3,000 and 
7,000 barrels, respectively, pay at the rate of 5 cents per barrel. 
In the case of the larger of these two, this is only for the shipping 
and selling, and does not include looking after the packing. One 
of the associations, with an output of from 20,000 to 40,000 
barrels per year, pays 20 cents per barrel to its manager, but he 
is required to pay from that all of the expenses of the inspection, 
bookkeeping, etc., which would amount to at least $2,500 or 
$3,000 a year. Two associations with large outputs pay a 
straight salary of $1,000 and $1,500 per annum, allowing also a 
small percentage on all supplies sold to the members. Two of 
the smaller associations, with outputs up to 2,000 barrels, report 
that they have no paid manager, the work evidently being under- 
taken by the executive committee. Of the newer associations, 
the majority are paying 20 cents per barrel, the manager to de- 
fray out of this amount all bookkeeping and other office expenses. 
One association just starting has agreed to pay its manager 
$1,500 straight salary. 
FEDERATION OF FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS. 
As the individual societies in Ontario began to get in touch 
with one another, the need of closer relations was felt by the co- 
operative leaders. The fruit branches of the Department of 
Agriculture at Toronto and Ottawa, in their endeavors to en- 
courage the fruit industry in the Province, soon found that these 
societies offered one of the best mediums for reaching the indi- 
vidual grower. One of their great difficulties in the way of 
advocating better quality had always been the fact that improved 
quality in many cases did not bring proportionately greater re- 
turns to the grower, because most buyers paid only a flat price 
regardless of quality. The cooperative societies, however, paid 
to each member the full amount due him, according to the 
quality of the fruit. 
In 1906 active steps were taken to unite the scattered societies 
into a loose form of federation, and thirteen societies became 
affiliated under the name of the Cooperative Fruit Growers of 
Ontario, with head office at Toronto. An annual fee of $5 for 
each association was fixed. 
In the beginning the objects of the federation were to discuss 
forms of organization and means of securing a higher grade of 
fruit, to keep the associations in touch with the prices being of- 
fered by buyers and prices received in the home and export mar- 
