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by apple and citrus fruit societies. Two methods of packing by 
the society are followed. In one case the fruit is brought to a 
packing house to be packed and graded by packers employed by • 
the society. This method allows of a very uniform pack, as the 
manager can keep a direct watch on the operations throughout. 
It also allows of the fruit being kept under good conditions until 
time of shipment. 
The other method is to have the fruit packed and graded in 
the orchard by packers employed by the society. In some in- 
stances the society picks, grades, and packs, while in other cases 
only the two latter operations are performed by the society. One 
society employs a number of packing gangs and has inspectors 
who travel from gang to gang to insure uniformity in the pack. 
This system of packing relieves the grower of the work of hand- 
ling the fruit at a season of the year when he is very busy. It 
is significant that some of the societies employing the packing- 
house system are beginning to pack a part of the fruit in the 
orchard. 
DETERMINING THE PRICES TO BE PAID THE GROWERS. 
In Ontario there are three methods of determining what prices 
the growers are entitled to, viz. : Pooling all returns, pooling re- 
turns for certain varieties and fruits, and prorating prices for each 
variety and grade. The first method was in the past the common 
one employed by societies in Ontario, but is open to the objec- 
tion that it does not discriminate between poor and good varie- 
ties and is thus inclined to encourage the production of poor 
varieties. The second method is becoming popular. The varie- 
ties of fruit of a certain kind are divided into classes, those va- 
rieties of nearly equal quality being placed in the same class. 
The price is then pooled on each grade of each class. This does 
not favor the production of poor varieties, but rather encourages 
the grower of poor varieties to grow a more valuable article. 
The third method is the one that gives absolute justice to the 
grower, but it entails an elaborate system of bookkeeping. In 
this method each grade and each variety is kept separate account 
of and the price is pooled on each variety and grade. Pooling is 
necessary, as one shipment may not sell so well as another, the 
fault being neither that of the grower nor the society. By fol- 
lowing this method each member gets the exact returns that ea :h 
variety has sold for on the markets. Some of the general and 
small-fruit societies pool each day's shipments, while others pool 
weekly shipments. 
