302 
against  other  scalebugs  and  specially  against  Aspidiotus ; as  soon 
as  its  presence  became  known  to  the  public  and  to  entomologists 
these  advised  the  complete  destruction  of  the  infested  trees  in 
order  to  eradicate  the  pest. 
From  1894-1898  I eery  a 1 was  not  noticed  any  more,  but  in  the 
last  named  year  the  locality  in  which  it  had  first  been  imported 
and  two  other  citrus  orchards  were  found  infested.  Then  the  in- 
troduction and  acclimatization  of  Novius  was  decided  upon  and 
in  1900  all  fear  of  Icerya  had  disappeared  also  in  Florida. 
t 
ICERYA  PURCHASI  IN  PORTUGAL. 
It  appears  that  Icerya  was  introduced  in  Portugal  from  the 
Azores,  where  for  several  years  past  it  had  been  spreading  prob- 
ably brought  there  from  North  America.  In  1897  several  locali- 
ties near  Lisbon  were  found  badly  infested  with  Icerya  and  the 
attempt  was  made  to  fight  this  terrible  scalebug  with  emulsions 
of  sulphide  of  carbon,  obtaining  an  appreciable  result  but  really 
momentary.  In  the  meantime  Messrs,  de  Silva  and  Le  Cocq  de- 
cided to  introduce  Novius  and  applied  to  Prof.  L.  O.  Howard, 
succesor  to  Riley  as  director  of  the  Entomological  Office  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Howard  with  his 
proverbial  kindness,  known  to  all  entomologists,  had  sufficient 
material  of  Novius  collected  in  California  and  sent  to  Lisbon  in 
two  invoices  in  October  and  November.  Out  of  all  the  speci- 
mens sent  only  eleven  arrived  in  Portugal  alive,  but  from  these 
such  an  abundance  of  offspring  was  obtained  in  a short  time  that 
in  June  of  1898  there  were  several  thousands  of  individuals  for 
distribution  on  the  infected  locality  and  during  the  remainder  of 
that  year  Icerya  was  reduced  also  in  Portugal  to  a negligible 
quantity. 
ICERYA  PURCHASI  IN  ITALY. 
J 
After  Portugal  it  became  the  fate  of  Italy  among  other 
European  nations  to  make  the  acquaintance  of  Icerya.  It  was  ex- 
actly in  May,  1900,  in  a garden  at  Portici,  about  300  metres  from 
the  terrace  of  the  entomological  laboratory  that  the  presence  of 
Icerya  was  noticed  by  a proprietor,  but  not  until  November  of 
the  same  year  did  it  become  known  to  Prof.  Berlese,  then  director 
of  the  entomological  laboratory.  He  and  others  maintain  that  it 
is  not  known  where  the  infection  at  Portici  came  from,  but  it  has 
been  ascertained  that,  as  the  owner  of  the  infected  garden  noticed 
Icerya  in  May,  1900,  it  must  have  been  there  since  1899. 
During  1897  Prof.  Berlese  bred  Icerya  in  a hothouse  which 
had  been  secured  for  the  purpose  of  study  and  this  might  lead 
to  the  assumption  that  perhaps  the  Icerya  which  developed  in 
1899-1900  in  the  garden  at  Portici  came  from  some  specimens 
which  escaped  in  the  larva  state  from  the  hothouse  in  1897,  hav- 
