3°6 
site,  Tomocera  calif  ornica,  How.,  which  attacks  it,  besides  a'- 
Coccophagus  and  several  indigenous  predatory  Coccinellids. 
Where  these  insects  are  at  work  Lecanium  is  now  very  well 
under  control  though  it  is  still  injurious  here  and  there  when  it 
appears  in  a locality  where  there  are  no  parasites  for  a longer  or 
shorter  time. 
For  fighting  Ceroplastes  in  the  eastern  states  Howard  had  also 
introduced  Scutellista  cyanea  from  Italy  and  it  seems  with  suc- 
cess. 
Scutellista  was  introduced  by  Craw  also  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  in  1905  and  there  too  it  became  so  well  established  that  I, 
desiring  to  collect  near  Honolulu  Lecanium  oleae  parasitized  by 
Tomocera  to  carry  them  to  Italy,  could  not  do  so,  because  in  a 
locality  where  a certain  number  of  specimens  of  Lecanium  had 
been  found,  which  was  in  the  hedge  of  Dr.  R.  C.  L.  Perkins’  gar- 
den, all  adult  specimens  instead  of  being  parasitied  by  Tomocera 
had  under  their  body  the  larva  of  Scutellista. 
In  Hawaii  Lecanium  is  attacked  by  two  other  imported 
hymenoptera  which  are  Encyrtus  fuscus  and  a Coccophagus. 
In  Western  Australia  Lecanium  oleae  and  L.  hesperidum  were 
widely  spread  causing  noticeable  damage  to  citrus  and  other 
trees,  but  in  1906  they  were  considered  as  being  reduced  to  a 
negligible  number  by  the  work  of  eleven  species  of  parasites  im- 
ported by  Compere  from  New  South  Wales,  from  California,, 
from  Brazil,  from  South  Africa  and  China. 
Of  seme  of  these  parasites  we  know  the  specific  names  which 
are  Tomocera  calif  ornica,  How.,  Hymencyrtus  crawii , Ashm.r 
Myianeme  Comperi,  Ashm.,  Scutellista  cyana , Motsch.,  Scutellista 
sp.  (red  Scutellista). 
I have  imported  from  California  to  Italy  several  specimens  of 
Rhizobius  ventralis  which  I hope  to  be  able  to  acclimatize  and  to 
add  to  the  number  of  indigenous  enemies  of  Lecanium. 
PULVINARIA  PSIDII  AND  DACTYLOPIUS.  . . 
During  his  voyage  in  1891-92  Koebele  observed  a coccinellid, 
Cryptolaemus  Montrouzieri , Muls.,  very  active  in  fighting  various 
species  of  Dactylopius,  Lecanium,  Eriococcus,  Rhizococcus  and 
therefore  took  care  to  send  specimens  to  California  wherefrom  to 
obtain  a good  enemy  against  Dactylopius,  which  has  really  been 
achieved  because  Cryptolaemus  is  now  common  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia. In  this  same  region  Koebele  introduced  Midus  pygmacus, 
Blackb.,  predatory  on  Dactylopius. 
Later  he  introduced  Cryptolaemus  also  to  Hawaii  where  it  has 
resulted  in  the  greatest  advantage  not  inferior  to  that  of  Nomas. 
Before  its  introduction  oranges  and  other  plants  (among  them 
suear  cane  and  coffee)  were  much  invaded  bv  Dactylopius  (D. 
albizziae)  Mask.,  calceolariae,  Mask.,  citri,  Risso,  ; filament osus , 
Cock.,  bromeliac,  Bouch.,  vir gains,  Cock.,  while  now  they  are  al- 
