3i8 
With  this  experiment  has  been  demonstrated  for  Lepidoptera  as 
had  been  for  Hemiptera,  that  it  is  possible  to  acclimatize  and 
adapt  in  a certain  country  species  of  foreign  parasites  which  in 
their  original  home  parasitise  other  species,  even  of  different 
families. 
; 
CARPOCAPSA  POMONELLA  (l.). 
Carpocapsa  pomonella  or  Apple  worm,  a species  believed  to  be 
of  European  origin,  and  well  known  for  the  common  damage  it 
does  to  apples,  pears  and  other  fruit,  was  introduced  during  the 
last  century  in  North  America,  in  Australia  (1855),  Tasmania 
(1861),  New  Zealand  (1874),  South  Africa  (1887),  Brazil 
(1891)  and  it  may  be  said  that  it  arrived  in  the  space  of  few 
years  wherever  apples  are  raised.  In  Europe  it  is  attacked  by 
several  species  of  insects  which  destroy  it  in  its  various  states, 
therefore  its  damage  is  not  of  the  same  severity  every  year : out- 
side of  Europe  it  has  been  attacked  gradually  by  several  parasites 
of  these  countries  and  since  the  first  years  of  its  introduction  its 
damage  has  somewhat  diminished  still  remaining  always  serious 
or  very  serious.  In  the  United  States  for  instance  the  annual  loss 
is  calculated  at  30-75%  in  many  parts  of  the  West.  In  the  face 
of  such  great  loss,  which  in  1902  amounted  to  more  than  $11,- 
000,000  to  the  United  States,  entomologists  have  sought  to  fight 
this  plague  artificially  and  have  succeeded with  lead 
arsenate,  but  as  this  method  involves  considerable  expense,  they 
considered  also  the  introduction  of  parasites  from  Europe. 
California  entrusted  Compere  with  the  search  for  parasites  of 
Carpocapsa  in  Europe,  and  in  1903  he  succeeded  in  sending 
specimens  of  a species,  Ephialtes  messor  Gravenh.,  collected  in 
Spain.  Much  hope  was  placed  on  this  species  which  became  easily 
acclimated,  but  in  reality  the  result  up  to  now  has  been  almost 
nil,  and  it  may  be  said  in  regard  to  Carpocapsa  that  much  re- 
mains still  to  be  done  as  far  as  a natural  fight  is  concerned  out- 
side of  Europe  by  introducing  the  parasites  which  attack  it  in  the 
latter  region. 
Riley  sent  specimens  of  a species  of  Raphidia  (Neuroptera) 
from  California  to  New  Zealand  in  1890  and  to  Australia  in  1891 
to  fight  Carpocapsa  there,  but  the  introduction  of  this  insect  did 
not  result,  as  it  seems,  in  any  benefit. 
LYMANTRIA  DISPAR  (L.)  AND  EUPROCTIS  CHRYSORRHOEA  |l.). 
These  two  species  of  Lepidoptera  are  natives  of  the  temperate 
zone  of  the  old  continent  including  Japan  and  live  on  the  leaves  of 
many  species  of  the  forest  and  fruit  trees.  In  the  old  continent 
they  are  attacked  by  numerous  enemies  therefor  their  damage  is 
fortunately  not  continuous,  but  periodical,  not  so  in  the  United 
States  where  they  were  introduced. 
