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OILMTHoLOGY. 
Sikhim by the more eastern P. bottanensis, while all but 
R. erythrogastra and C. rubicilla (also recorded from the 
Altai and Caucasus) appear to give place west of Afghanistan 
to more or less nearly allied species. 
Ruticilla erythrogastra, Accentor strophiatus, and Carpo- 
dacus rubicilla all breed in Yarkand, as was proved by the 
nestlings there obtained ; but the first, at any rate, breeds 
also in Ladak. 
The rest breed probably both in Ladak and Yarkand, 
while one of them, Corvus intermedins , breeds all over the 
Himalayas, at heights of from 5000 to 10,000 feet_, and 
possibly a good deal higher. 
There is yet another bird : — 
496 bis Ruticilla erythroprocta, Gould, 
(very common in Ladak likewise during the summer) which, 
if really distinct, should be included in the above list, but, 
as I shall show when dealing with it separately, there are 
strong grounds for believing that this form is nothing more 
than the full breeding plumage of R. rufiventris, and in that 
case the species should find a place in the previous list, with 
Milvus govinda, &c. 
Two species^ viz. : — 
845 Charadrius longipes^ 
847 -^gialitis mougolicns, 
occur almost throughout the whole continent of Asia, the 
latter of the two at any rate straying into Eastern Europe. 
Both species breed in Yarkand. 
There remains a single species ^ — 
646 bis Parus cyanus, 
essentially a northern form, Asiatic and European, but 
straggling in winter into central and southern Russia and 
Germany. I am not aware that this species has hitherto 
even been obtained in summer, so far south as the Arpalak 
river, Yarkand, (lat. 37° N.), where it had obviously been 
breeding and where a scarcely fledged nestling was obtained. 
Limited as our materials are, it seems to me that they 
point to the conclusion, that although visited by numbers 
