NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF THE PUNCTATUS GALL 54 1 
There are still other interesting things to be noticed in the ray 
structure of this gall. The broad rays, mentioned in the preceding 
paragraph, are more or less fusiform as a rule when seen in tangential 
section, and are much shorter vertically than in normal wood. De 
Vries (6, p. 83) also found a vertical shortening of the rays in primary 
wound wood. Between the pseudo-fibrovascular bundles, which form 
the outer part of the woody covering around the larval chambers, 
there are often ray-like structures present which are composed of 
several layers of unlignified parenchyma cells (fig. 4) radially arranged 
with reference to the chambers. Raylike bodies sometimes appear 
between these bundles, which on closer examination are seen to be 
composed of short scalariform tracheids turned over so that their 
long axes are presented. There are often large areas within the gall 
composed of ray-like cells but which are too irregular in shape to be 
considered as rays (fig. 3). Somewhat similar areas occur in trau- 
matic wood of this species of oak. 
From what has been said concerning the ray structure in the 
preceding paragraphs one would conclude that the course of the 
fibers and other elements would differ greatly from normal in the wood 
of the gall, and such is the case. In places where broad rays occur 
the fibers and other cells of the wood are very much bent from their 
usual upright course to conform to the shape of the rays. Individual 
strands of fibers or groups of them often pursue a very irregular course 
through them (fig. 8). In places where there are a number of closely 
associated multiseriate rays the course of the fibers surrounding them 
is often wavy. The complexity of fiber arrangement is often so great 
as to result in true ball formations as is shown in fig. 13. Maule 
(15, p. 9) has done some work on these peculiar fiber arrangements 
and concludes that they come about to a great extent through the 
attempt of the young wood cells to reach their normal length when 
they meet with resistance in their growth. According to Maule the 
young wood cells can bend in three directions, either outward radially, 
or to right and left tangential ly. They never bend inward because 
the older wood lies in this direction. Their usual course of bending 
is to right and left so that they are generally seen in tangential sections. 
They occur but seldom in this gall but when they do appear they are 
always in tangential sections. 
There is a great disturbance in the course of the fibers around the 
larval chambers and around the masses of lignified parenchyma cells 
