54 
other part of the Peiiiusula. Its bills ai-e all detached groups, or portions 
of two hiternipted chains, ^^lntlin!^ alousr the "West and East sides respec- 
tively: the oiicfrnin ]^Ioimt Ophir by Pt;ngg;alam and Mount Formosa to 
PGlei and the CarimoTiR ^onp (a geologieal extefisiou of Jolior) ■ «nd 
the other from the St-jjAmat Hills and iEoinit Janitig to the Bluiuut 
and the neitjhbouriujr iiilla beyond (Montiihak and Pauti). ' 
The Biunint hills teet) are the jjrinf-ipnl mouutain j^roiip in 
.Tuhor ; giving rise to the Ki^rer Jolior dowiu^ Suntii, the lliver fcMSdili 
flowinf^ East, and the lliver Kahaug flowing North— to join the tsCmbrong, 
an affluent of" the Hiver Endau. 
Mount Ophir, in Moar, '1,050 feet, is, probably, the higb^t 
peak in the State. It was a few year:i a^o reckoned the highest in tke 
Peiiinsnlrt, but this is now, ol' coarse*, known to be entirely erroneous. Its 
shape, atifl its situation near the sea, are remarkable. No rivtu's of any 
size take their rise in it ; but two of its streams, thou^fh small, are of 
some consequence as markinr^ Joh{»r's northern boundary — the River 
Chohong, wliich, with Tve^ung, divides it from .Malacca; and the Eiver 
Gema-s, whicli forms its Juhol linuijflary. 
Inhahiianffi mid Protinr fa. —The whole population of the State, in- 
cluding Moar, is probably over KH),0()(>, and is remarkable for containiA^ 
a larger number of Chinese than of Malays. The e.Kaet numbers 
have not been ascertained. It is probable that more than half the popu- 
lation is to be found within 15 miles of the Sini;apore Straits. The 
Chinese are chiefly found as ctdtivntors of gambter and pepper, spread 
over about this ranjje of country in the extreme southern end -of 
the Peninsula, nearest to 8i?ig!»pure, of which Johor has been 
described ns the ''back ctumtry." These cultivators go from Singapore, 
the capitalists tor whom they cultivate are SingaptHV tj'aders, and all 
their produce and most of their carning3 find their way back to 
Singapore a^ain. European pioueers have, in the last few yeai*s, wade 
some experinients in planting, on a large scale, sago, tobacco, cotfee, tea, 
and cocoa. These have been grown in six diflerentdistricts— B^tu Pahat, 
Pulau Kokob, Pfdci , Panti, Johor Bhdrii and Panggerang; but none of them 
have yet been planted lonpj enough to he considered established 
industries. The busy collectiriu of gutta which went on in Johor for the 
Singapore market, from Dr. Mo^"T^o>lER^F/s discovery of its useful proper- 
ties in 1842 until the supply was exhausted, dt serves special mention ; as 
also the successful working of some lai'ge saw-miJls for iitilising the 
great resoun^es of the country in serviceable timber, which are now, 
however, appreciably diminished. At the present time, the principal 6x- 
])jYts of Johor are the carefully- cultivated gambier, pepper and tapioca ; and 
the natural products of timber, rattans and damar. For almost all siich 
produce, Singapore i^ ^ ■ • < t of shipment. 
M infra Is, ^Thc only mineral in which the country is really rich is 
iron, 1 1 is nowlierc worked, but is found almost everywhere, Some depo- 
sits of tin arc known in sfveral phices, and gold in one or two spots. It 
is said that tin-mining is discouraged. A littb is worked at Seluang, but 
BO considerable mining is actually carried on, unless the islands ef 
