36 
the Kamparj the Bidor and the Songkei, the Sliroy and the St'mbtJan (a 
feeder of the Pahauf^) , 
The mountain ranges are generally of granitic formation, hut^ in 
strong contrast to their usually round surfaces, the sharp peaks and 
crags of limestone forraatioa crop up hero and there throughout the 
country. The principal of these are Gdnong Krndroag, Grunong Jieruei, 
and Bukit KAjung in the North ; Btltu Kuruu and GCmong Pondok ; 
some un-named hills in the Plus ranges, and numeroua peaks almost 
throughout the Kiuta valley. 
The caves in the limestone mountains furnish bats' goano- — an 
excellent manure, Thisj as well sis lime, is avnilable for both 
mountain and low country cultivation. 
Thfi R(\ti{/i'/ir//,—T\ie scat of the Gt>vernment of the Britisli Ecsiden! 
is a email village cidled Kfcdia Kangsar. It Is situated on the upper 
waters of the I'erak, about 2'i miles from the present port of T^luk 
E^rtang, on the Liirut Kiver, with which it is (vonneeted by a good road. 
It lies about 100 miles up the Perak river, and, therefore, the hhrnt road 
gives the most direct access to Peuang. 
The country can bci^t be described as consisting physjcally of three 
principal water-systems— that of the Kriaii to the rCorth, that of the 
Pttnik in the centre, and that of the Heniam to the Hoiith. Earh will he 
described in turn. But the tin-mining district of Larnt. wliich belongs 
to neith<-'r of the^5c physical diviHiims, played nml still plays so im- 
portant a part in the developmcut of the Htate, that it deserves first 
mention. 
La RUT. 
Lfirut ib situated about midway between the lliver Krian and the 
Eivcr IV'rak, not more than 10 mitc-si from the sea. 
For about thirty yeai-s, Chinese miners have worked tlie extensive tin 
deposits uf great richness at tlie base of the high moutitatn range called 
<-luuoug Ilijan, and on each side cjf a smull river cuiled Sungei Ltlrnt. 
This place was foutid by the early pioneers to be not only rich in tin, 
but most advantageously situattd in respect of cimimercial intercourse 
with the British port of Penang, some sixty miles dktant. It is seldom 
that the tin-deposits are found so near the sea. Liinit is under the im- 
mefliate charge of an Assistant licsidint, 
TlHti'penff, the principal town, now contains ii-l.ttOO people, including 
the afljnfierit miues. It may tlms be reckoned tiic largest town on the 
West coast, SJalacea not excepted. It is the centre of the mining indus- 
try, and is about eight nnl'es from the sea-coast. It is the head. quarters 
of the chief departments of tlic Wtutc. ThaipcOg U connected with Kwfila 
Kangsar by a carriage -road, and by a line of telegraph . The main 
road to the sea has hitherto been froin Tluiipenj*' to Teluk Kcrlang, 
but a short Hue of railway, intended to connect Tliaipeng with Port 
\Veld f8 miles), is now completed, as well as a line nf road frum L^lrut 
to the Krian River, which \s-ill open up communication by land with 
province Wellesley. There is also telegraph communication with Peuang. 
