4B8 
SKETCH OF POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTION OF 32-FOOTER. 
yacht is built under cover; and that the materials and work- 
manship are what is commonly called "first-class" — namely, 
all wood sound, well seasoned, and free from loose knots, 
shakes and sap, all knees and crooks being cut with the 
grain; all metal work properly wrought and neatly finished; 
all parts carefully fitted, with adjoining surfaces in actual 
contact throughout the full area; and all fastenings care- 
fully selected with regard to their relative strength and the 
sizes and material of the parts they are intended to unite, 
and that they are properly located and driven. 
A— Stem. — The minimum siding (thickness) measured at 
the rahbet at highest point on stemhead, no decrease of sid- 
ing allowed. 
Apron — In some cases an apron is necessary inside of 
stem, with breasthook, and in the larger classes with knight- 
heads. 
'B—Stern'post. — Minimum siding at tuck {the crossing of 
the rabbet). The siding may diminish from tuck to heel. 
The rudder stock, if of wood, to be equal in diameter to the 
siding of post. 
C— Keel.— Minimum depth allowed for middle. With 
the usual iron or lead keel and good floor construction, there 
is no necessity for a great depth of main (wood) keel to se- 
cure vertical strength. The depth called for in the table is 
intended to secure sufiicient wood outside the rabbet for the 
proper caulking of the garboard seam, for the depth of rab- 
bet, and for additional wood inside up to the bearding line, 
as well as for scarphs. The minimum of sectional area 
(breadth multifjilied by depth in the middle of keel) may be 
made up, if desired, by a deeper keel. The breadth of keel 
will taper from point of greatest section to siding of stem 
and sternpost. 
Keelson. — In keel yachts of moderate depth a keelson is 
not absolutely necessary, and the required strength may 
sometimes be obtained to better advantage by the floor con- 
struction alone. A keelson may be worked to advantage 
over the throats of the floors in some cases, the centerline 
bolts of metal keel passing through it. In centerboard yachts, 
especially in the absence of a deep metal outside keel, side 
keelsons should be worked over the heels of floors, or the 
bedpieces of the trunk should be of ample scantling and 
worked well fore and aft of the slot, to serve as keelsons. No 
absolute sizes of keelson are laid down. 
D — Frames. — The many different methods of framing now 
in use, and the possibility of new methods in the future, 
make it impossible to prescribe exact dimensions or spacing. 
Both sizes and spacing necessarily differ with the various 
methods of all sawn frames, in futtocks and tops, doubled; 
of single sawn frames, from knees, in single lengths; of all 
bent frames of uniform size; and of combinations of sawn 
and bent frames. 
The sizes laid down in the table show the minimum sec- 
tional area of frames (the siding multiplied by the mould- 
ing) at three points— the heel of frame where it is boxed into 
the keel, the middle of frame about the flat of the floor and 
turn of bilge, and the head, at planksheer. The sectional 
area is that of a single frame for a uniform spacing of one 
foot in each class. This required area may be made up of 
smaller frames spaced closer together, or larger frames 
further apart; or of combinations of large and small 
frames with appropriate spaeings. This minimum sec- 
tional area shall apply to a space of at least two-thirds of 
theL.W.L. length in the center of the vessel; forward and 
aft of this, the sectional area may be reduced 20 per cent 
Two adjoining frames abreast each mast, and one at each 
runnerplate should be increased in size in proportion as they 
are cut by the chainplate fastenings. 
Where bent frames are used in combination with sawn, the 
bent frames may be of uniform scantling from end to end; 
but the sawn f rames must be large enough to make up the 
required average sectional area at the heels ivhere they 
are cut by the fastenings of floors. 
Spacing of Frames.— Tli'e maximum spacing of frames 
as given in the table, is based not on the size of frames, this 
being variable, but on the thickness of planking allowed for 
the class; being the greatest spacing that will insure a tight 
seam with the usual caulking for the minimum thickness of 
planking allowed. 
E — Floors. — The many varieties of floor construction make 
ifc diSicult to establish any standard, but there should be 
at least six strong floors in the center of the vessel in way of 
the metal keel, and two at each mast step. The table gives 
the minimum sectional area over centerline of keel, of wood 
floor-knees, and the equivalent sizes of steel angles, with ap- 
proximate spacing. The arms of the main floor should run 
up to a length at least equal to the spacing given in the 
table, to allow space for fastening through heels of frames. 
In yachts of S section with all bent frames, the arms of 
floors should run up at least to the height of the waterline. 
Provided that the main floors are of ample strength, the 
floors on the smaller frames in the middle of the vessel and 
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on all frames in the ends may be of flat iron or straight- 
grained plank. All floors should be thoroughly bolted to 
the keel, stem and horn timbers. It is not essential that the 
main keel bolts should pass through the floors, as the large 
size of the holes weakens the knees unnecessarily. The keel 
bolts may set up on top of the wood keel, in which case the 
floors should be very thoroughly fastened by smaller bolts 
to the wood keel; or a keelson may be worked over the 
throats of the floors, and the keel bolts juay set up on it. 
¥— Shelf or Clamp. —The minimum sectional area given 
for the middle shall cover a. length of at least one-half of 
the shelf (or clamp) and in the middle, a taper being 
allowed to the size given at each end. The ends of deck 
beams may he jogged into top of shelf a distance not ex- 
ceeding one-third of their own depth. If a beam clamp is 
used, fitted close up to the planksheer, the beams being thus 
Jogged in for 'their full depth, the sectional area shall be in- 
creased in proportion. 
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