Sec. 11, 1897.1 
FOREST AMD STREAM. 
Neither the sportsman nor any other man owns any prop- 
erty in game. It is not a rare occurrence to hear a man 
speak of his "share of the game," as If he had a certain de- 
fined ownership of a fractional part more or less clear in his 
mind. While the game is the property of the whole people, 
no one owns a share, or a part of a share, till he reduces the 
game to his personal possession, and then the ownership may 
be qualified as the State sees fit. 
Thus the tenure of the sportsman, from a legal standpoint, 
is neither broad nor deep. He owns no share in the game; 
he is a trespasser when he enters on another's ground; he has 
the privilege of bearing arms only by toleration, and he can 
only bear such arms as are permitted by law. He is tolera- 
ted more for his possible usefulness .to the State as a soldier; 
his personal pleasure as a man who is fond of sport weighs 
little with public policy. 
Therefore he will perceive that it behooves him to discoun- 
tenance the maraudings of the horde who are masquerading in 
his name and in his habiliments, to raise his voice in condem- 
nation against them, and if need be to secure legislation to re- 
strict them, that his own days as a sportsman may be long 
or longer in the land. The Man in the Clock TowEii. 
ANGLING NOTES. 
A Record Fiend. 
From time to time something has been said in this column 
about people who fish for the purpose of making a record, 
without any regard for the number of fish slaughtered and 
wasted in making the record. To-day I was on a railroad 
train, going to meet one of the United States Fish Commis- 
sion cars that was coming to plant a lot of yearling land- 
locked salmon in Lake George. A gentleman left his seat, 
and came and seated himself beside 'me as though he were 
bursting with indignation. With a hand-shake and a how-do- 
3'ou-do, he began to unburden his mind: 
"Seeing you come in the car at once reminded me of my 
experience in the Yellowstone Park last summer, aad that 
experience makes me angry to this day whenever I am re- 
minded of it. My brother came over from England for a 
visit, and together we did the Western part of this land quite 
thoroughly, and the National Park came in for considerable 
attention. While we were at Yellowstone Lake we met a 
man who had just come in from fishing, and we heard that 
he had caught a certain number of trout in a certain speci- 
fied time during the morning of the day that we reached the 
hotel. He was not quite satisfied with the record, and was 
preparing to try it over. He went out on the lake, and in an 
hour and twenty minutes, as I remember the time, he caught 
forty- two trout weighing 561bs. I remember the number of 
trout and the weight distinctly, for I am quite sure that the 
most of the fish, as well as the most of the fish he caught in 
the morning, were absolutely wasted. They could not be 
eaten, and they could not be brought out of the Park, and 
so they were killed and practically thrown away for the pur- 
pose of doing something to boast of afterward. There was 
another man there, and he went out fishing with two flies on 
his cast. He told me that in three casts he caught six trout, 
two at each cast, one on each fly that he used. While he 
was proud at his success, he said that he was more proud 
that he put all the trout back alive in the water. How long 
will Yellowstone Lake stand Buch fishing as the first-named 
man did that day?" 
I answered that I did not know, but it would seem that 
the National Park could be protected against such record 
makers, for it is directly under the control of the National 
Government and guarded by a detachment of the U. S. 
Army. What rules the superintendent in charge may make 
or has power to make I do not know. He could not, as in 
a priva(ex;lub, exclude a guest who violated all the laws of 
decency by killing trout uselessly; but it is more than likely 
that some remedy can be provided for cases such as I have 
mentioned, for it is heart-breaking to attempt to stock waters 
with fish for food or sport and then have the fish killed and 
wasted to furnish a record for a man in whom conscience 
slumbers and sleeps. 
The Solway Fishery. 
In a recent letter from Mr. J. J. Armistead, founder of 
the Solway Fishery, Dumfries, Scotland, and author of the 
particularly valuable book, "An Angler's Paradise and How 
to Obtain It," he tells me that he has just published a 
"Handy Guide to Fishculture," and the demand for it was 
so great that the edition is practically sold out. This would 
indicate that the desire for a knowledge of practical fishcul- 
ture is growing, and that more and more there will be a^de- 
mand for works of this class. We have a goodly supply of 
books on how to kill fish by angling, and now we need 
' Works upoa how to breed and rear fish, and they should be 
in a form to reach and ioterest the great mass of people. I 
^-suppose if the truth were known that some of rhe record- 
breakers, such as I have mentioned in the previous note, take 
> no thought of the supply of fish, how it is obtained and how 
lit is maintained. 
ilft^e. people can be educated to understand that fish are 
iuot of<«iushroom growth, and that they are not always to be 
^found in the water no matter how much it is fished, and 
that the supply can be cut down by unbridled fishing, and 
that fish have to be cultivated in the same manner as any 
other food supply, there will be a better outlook for fish in 
the future. Of the work at the Solway fishery Mr. Arui- 
stead writes, his letter being dated Oct. 29: "We are in full 
swing with our spawning operatious now, and have some 
splendid lots of ova in our hatcheries. The season goes on 
for two months yet. The first eggs we took were some S. 
fontiiialis on Oct. 7. A few days later we took the first 
B. leoencims, Oct. 10 a couple of fish too ripe to remain over 
until Monday, 11th, on which day we practically had our 
first good take of ova. We have had a very wet, rainy sea- 
son here during last summer, and fiahcuUurists have suf- 
fered as well as .agriculturists. Potatoes are small — so are 
yearling trout, decidedly below average. Fruit crops are 
adversely afliecled by the excess of rain, and fish are not 
yielding the same number of ova that they do alter normal 
atmospheric conditions. These things are interesting and 
are worth noting. We are having now some of the finest 
and most genial autumn weather, and by careful feeding 
and regulation of the water supply yearlings are pulling up, 
and will later on be up to the average, but not without care- 
ful feeding." 
Manual of Fishculture. 
The United States Fish Commission has just issued a 
Manual of Fishculture j a more pretentious work than the 
"Handy Guide," which I have not yet had time to read ; but 
a glance through its pages is enough to show me that it will 
be in demand (ia fact, I am informed from Washington that 
it is now in great demand) and prove an educator to all who 
are fortunate enough to obtain a copy, provided they will 
read it. A condensation of the manual, giving the priucipal 
features of fishcultural work in a form to be carried in the 
pocket and which could be sold for a small sum, would 
prove to be a greater educational lever, for it would be 
within reach of thousands that will never see the manual. 
Fishing clubs could do missionary work by distributing such 
a volume free if the Government could not spread them, aa 
it were, broadcast. The people are ready to be educated 
about fish and fishculture if the means can be found to do 
it. Last summer it was decided at the last moment almost 
to have a small fish exhibit at the State Fair. I went out 
there to investigate the water supply, temperature, etc., and 
found the oflicers of the Fair Association very enthusiastic 
about making an exhibit, even under adverse circumstances. 
There was but little time to do anything, and the season was 
not the best to transport and exhibit adult fish, particularly 
salmonidai, but the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission 
did make an exhibit of four tanks of trout of different species 
and of different ages. The week of the fair I went into a 
sleeping car at Montreal to go to Quebec and found several 
Syracuse gentlemen, and one and all declared the fish show 
was the feature of the fair; that people crowded around the 
tanks all day long as they crowded about nothing else. 
Witness the crowds at the New York Aquarium, at the 
fly-casting tank at the Sportsmen's Show at Madison Square 
Garden and wherever fish or fishing are on exhibition, if 
any one doubts that the people are ready to be educated 
upon all that relates to fish, fishing and fishculture. 
One of the United States Fish Commission cars was in 
the railroad yard of the town where I live hatching shad. 
I told a reporter that any one who desired to see how the 
fish were hatched could visit the car. The town simply 
turned out and came to the car. The public school and acad- 
emy pupil came — came with their teachers in classes— and 
I explained the operation of shad hatching every fifteen 
minutes for. about two days, and there was scarcely time to 
eat a meal on the car until the continuous show closed at 
night each day during the stay of the car; and these are 
not isolated instances of the interest shown in fish and fish- 
culture by the people, for they will display an interest when 
and where they have the opportunity. 
Powers of Salmon. 
A problem presented itself to me and I was trying to de- 
termine the pressure to the square inch that salmon could 
overcome in ascending a proposed fishway. While I could 
not disprove it, I was quite sure in my own mind that the 
engineer's plans provided for a pressure that the fish could 
not successfully overcome, and I modified them to what 1 
believed would be within the limit of pressure that the fish- 
way should present to the fish, and submitted my figures to 
Mr, Livingston Stone, knowing he had had vast experience 
with salmon on the Pacific Coast. His letter of reply con- 
tains some interestiog matter, and I quote part of it: "Your 
letter called up a subject that I have been much interested 
in, but about which 1 could never collect much in the way 
of exact data. At Spokane Falls and at the Falls of the 
Des S chutes I have seen the Chenook salmon make some 
wonderful jumps, but I had no means at the time to meas- 
ure the distances. At Baird Station, Cal,, a salmon once 
jumped over my shoulder as I stood on the bridge where the ' 
rack was, the bridge being about 2ft. above the surface of 
the water and the water shallow. The fish must conse 
quently have jumped about 7ft. vertically through the air. 
What has seemed the most wonderful thing in this line to 
me occurred also, I think, at one of these falls. 
"I there saw several salmon hold themselves in a perpendic- 
ular fall of water for several seconds, half way between the 
brink and the surface of the water below. This must have 
involved a marvelous rapidity of fin movement and a sus- 
tained resistance to great pressure under most unfavorable 
circumstances. You have doubtless seen trout do some- 
thing similar. Allow me to add, by the way, that the At- 
lantic salmon seem to be decidedly stronger and more mus- 
cular than the Pacific salmon. I agree with you in believ- 
ing that salmon can accompUsh the feat described in your 
letter." When I first heard of trout swimming up a perpen- 
dicular fall of water I could scarcely believe it, and it was 
some years after 1 learned it belore 1 wrote of it, and more 
years before 1 witnessed the feat myself. After I did witness 
It I began to make inquiries to find if salmon had been 
known to do the same thing, but I got no favorable 
responses and dropped the matter from my mind, and now 
Mr. Stone furnishes me with the information, quite unex- 
pectedly, that 1 once sought earnestly for without avail. It 
is a wonderful power displayed by salmon in passing water- 
falls, and Mr, Stone's personal observation will, I feel sure, 
be read with interest, and it will help to solve some prob- 
lems concerning the ascent of rivers by salmon planted 
therein. 
Salmon Habits and Salmon Teeth. 
A gentleman writes me from Boston as follows: 
"I had much pleasure last June in taking a salmon of 
29llbs. with a mark on the adipose fin, and the day after of 
being informed by a gentleman who fished the next river 
that he had so marked some fish taken in his river and re- 
turned alive to the water. On communicating with him I 
found that the fish was taken and marked in 1893, and then 
weighed not over 91 bs. The change of rivers bv salmon is 
now a well-established fact, at any rate, the " occasional 
change, but it was a great satisfaction to have the proof in 
my own hands. I have seen lately in Forkst ^vnd Stream 
statements of the loss or change of teeth by mascalonge. 
"I think you wrote something about this a few years ago, 
when the theory was advanced that salmon lost their teeth 
in fresh water and that fresh run fish would be found to 
have firm teeth, and those which had been for a time in 
fresh water would be found with some teeth gone and other 
teeth loose, and these longer in the river would be found 
with no teeth. When I read this I counted it as one of the 
usual fish stories, but on testing it I came to the same con- 
clusion myself. Is it possible that this is a kind of painless 
dentistry that many or all kinds of fish resort to? If found 
to be true of two species of fish so different as the masca- 
longe and salmon, why not in other species?" 
Ii is a confession that I do not like lo make, but until I 
read the letter I have just quoted from I was not aware that 
Forest and Stream had said anything about mascalonge 
losing their teeth. A brief search of the file revealed the 
fact that Mr. Hough had mentioned the shedding of masca- 
longe teeth and invited me among others to rise and say 
something on the subject, and that iu a later issue of the 
paper he confirms what had previously beeh speculative in 
regard to the shedding of teeth in the big pike, 
Mr. Hough has answered his own query, for certainly the 
mascalonge does shed its teeth, and perhaps that is all that is 
necessary to be said, hut what I do not know is how long it 
requires for the new teeth to grow. Desiring to get a tooth 
from a big mascalonge, to be set as a scarf pin for an English 
friend, I searched the mouths of a number of fish and ex- 
amined some mounted heads. Fish that were said to have 
been caught early in the season seemed to have their full 
complement of teeth, but it was not until late in the season 
that I got a big head (it was early in September, as I now re- 
call the date) and the teeth were gone, I examined mounted 
heads and fish from Clayton to Ogdensburgh, and some had 
a full set of teeth, some had lost a few teeth and others were 
decidedly short of teeth. 
Presumably it is safe to assume that the new teeth form- 
before the breeding season in the spring, for I also presume 
no self-respecting mascalonge M^ould go courting with hi* 
mouth shy of teeth. It is several years since I wrote about 
salmon shedding theirs, but it is a well-established fact now 
that they do. In all that has been said about salmon or 
other fish shedding their teeth, jaw teeth only have been re- 
ferred to; but Dr, Day has demonstrated that salmon, trout 
and char shed their vomerine, palatine and tongue teeth as 
well. He says- "Thoy are frequently shed and as constantly 
renewed by others appearing xrom beneath or else on one 
side of the discarded ones. As age creeps on the number of 
their testh become more and more reduced, the teeth bear- 
ing portions of the bones diminishing in extent more rapidly 
in such forms as frequent the sea than those which pass their 
time in fresh water." It will be observed that Dr. Day's 
conclusions apply to the fresh-water trout and char and the 
sea-going salmon, and he has made a closer study of the 
structure of trout and salmon and their habits in connection 
therewith than any writer that I have read. 
In regard to salmon straying from their own rivers, I am 
quite sure that I have quoted in this column from the ex- 
periments of one of the Scotch fishery inspectors, who tagged 
a lot of salmon in Norwegian rivers for a period of years; 
and while it was proven that occasionally one did stray and 
was taken a long distance from the stream in which it was 
tagged and liberated, the instances were not common as 
compared with the number that returned to the river in 
which they were marked. In Canada the Upsalquitch flows 
into the Rsstigouche, and early in the season Restigouche 
flsh have been known to run a little way up the tributary 
stream; but it is believed that they return after a while and 
proceed up their own river, for they have not been found 
far up the first-named stream. 
I fished the Upsalquitch this year when salmon were first 
running up the Restigouche, and the owner of the pools, 
Mr. Archibald Mitchell, fished it before and after 1 did ; but 
not a ^sh was raised there until the fish of that river began 
to run m July, although Mr. Mitchell and the late Mr. John 
Mowat have killed Raatigouche fish in it, the pools being 
within pistol-shot distance of the main river. 
Ouananiche. 
While the spelling of this name is under discussion, I 
notice that Mr. Rudyard Kipling has fallen afoul of it in his 
poem, "The Feet of Young Men," and he spells it as I have 
written it : 
"Who hath worked the choseu water where the ©uananiohe is waiting-, 
Or tbe sea trout-jumping crazy for the fly?" 
A great many people have worked the water referred to, 
and judging from my own experience not one of them cares 
a brass button, while the water is being worked, how the 
name of the fish is spelled if they respond to the wiles of the 
worker. 
Landlocked Salmon* 
To get on safer ground, I wiU write of landlocked salmon, 
although the fish is not landlocked in its original habitat, 
when I refer lo two plantings of the fish made during the 
past Uvo weeks in northern New York. On Nov. 13, 5,000 
fingerlintr salmon, some of them over Gin. long, were planted 
in Lake George. They came from the U. S." Fish Commis- 
sion station at Green Lake, Me., and were brought to Lake 
George in Car No. 1 of the Commission. On this occasion 
the car was fitted on one side with sixty-gallon tanks, and 
on the other with the ordinary round-shouldered fish cans, 
holding ten gallons. There were 500 fish in each tank, and 
100 in each can, so that the 500 in the tanks had sixty gal- 
lons of water and the 500 in the cans had fifty gallons of 
water. During the journey about 200 salmon died, and the 
fatalities were all in the tanks. The tanks and cans had 
the same water and air circulation from the steam pump in 
the car. The fish were taken from open ponds at the station 
and placed in the cans and tanks. The cans were open at 
the top — that is, the cov^ers were removed — and the tanks 
were covered with a wooden hd. On previous trips with 
landlocked salmon of same age loss has occurred in tanks 
and none in the cans. The open cans admit some light, but 
the light does not vary during the journey except from day- 
light lo darkness. When the covers of the tanks are lifted 
light is admitted to the entire surface of the water, the 
tank being y7XSi7in. Again and again I noticed when the 
covers were raised that the fish darted from side to side, as if 
frightened at the sudden admission of strong light, and then 
some of them would turn on their sides, as if injured. It 
was in this way that all the flsh lost came to their deaths. 
The car returned to Green Lake and brought on 5,000 fin- 
gerling salmon for Lake Champlain, and they were planted 
near Port Henry on Nov. 21. For this trip the tanks were 
taken out and all the fish placed in cans. I went to Port 
Henry ahead of the car to arrange for planting the salmon, 
and when the car arrived a few hours later there were no 
dead Sainton, and there was no loss in transit. Capt. James, 
in charge of the car, was satisfied that the fish injured them- 
selves by striking tue sides of the tanks when frightened by 
the sudden strong light admitted on raising the tank covers, 
and it seems tlie only solution of the death of the flsh. 
Monsters. 
In hatching the eggs of the salmon family, fish with two 
or more heads, deformed bodies, etc., are produced, and are 
called monsters. Dr. C. G. Seligmann, of St. Thomas's 
Hospital, London, with a colleague, has been making a 
study of monsters to prepare a paper on the subject. 1 have 
had correspondence with him during the past year which 
will not be of general interest here in advance of the paper, 
which 1 hope to say something about later, but in his last 
letter he gives me some data which I can use now. From a 
lot of eggs of domesticated brook ivoMi, fontiymlis, he found 
nearly 1 per cent, of two-headed monsters and 3 per cent, 
with deformed bodies. Hybrids, fontiiialis and fario, 
nearly 3 per cent of monsters. Wild fario eggs gave less 
than 1 per cent, of monsters, A. N. CHgNBY, 
